Bagaimana Mengembangkan Strategi Pelatihan Terlalu sering, pelatihan dan keberhasilannya dalam sebuah organisasi diukur dengan jumlah sesi pelatihan yang diberikan dan jumlah orang di kursi. Ini tidak cukup mewakili nilai pelatihan dalam sebuah organisasi. Pelatihan perlu berfokus pada peningkatan kinerja saat ini dalam sebuah organisasi, serta memastikan bahwa keahlian ada di antara karyawan untuk kompetensi masa depan yang dipersyaratkan oleh organisasi. Berikut adalah representasi grafis dari semua area konten yang dibahas dalam artikel ini untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana membangun sebuah proyek pelatihan dan pengembangan organisasi. Apa itu Strategi Pelatihan Strategi pelatihan adalah untuk pelatihan dan pengembangan dalam sebuah organisasi yang membutuhkan implementasi untuk mencapai kesuksesan. Ini adalah cetak biru yang perlu untuk mendukung optimalisasi sumber daya manusia dalam organisasi. Adalah penting bahwa strategi pelatihan disesuaikan dengan strategi organisasi dan memungkinkan visinya terwujud. Mengapa Strategi Pelatihan Banyak poin dapat diajukan untuk mendukung mengapa Anda memerlukan rencana pelatihan. Yang paling menarik sekalipun terletak pada hasil sebuah studi baru-baru ini terhadap 3.000 perusahaan yang dilakukan oleh para periset di University of Pennsylvania. Mereka menemukan bahwa 10 dari pendapatan - yang digunakan untuk perbaikan modal, meningkatkan produktivitas sebesar 3,9 yang dihabiskan untuk pengembangan modal manusia, meningkatkan produktivitas pada 8.5 Apa Komponen Bagaimana Penciptaannya Strategi yang dirancang namun tidak dilaksanakan tidak ada gunanya? Tentang hasil terbaik untuk strategi pelatihan, produk atau layanan pelatihan perlu dipasarkan dan dipromosikan dengan memanipulasi hal berikut: Jaga agar pelatihan tetap canggih dan fokus di masa depan. Pastikan ada transfer praktis pembelajaran. Pelatihan Dan Pengembangan Dalam Essay Manajemen Infosys Diterbitkan: 23 Maret 2015 Diedit Terakhir: 23 Maret 2015 Esai ini telah diajukan oleh seorang siswa. Ini bukan contoh karya yang ditulis oleh penulis esai profesional kami. Esai ini bertujuan untuk memberikan tinjauan kritis terhadap Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan HRM di perusahaan teknologi tinggi biasa: Infosys. Infosys adalah perusahaan Fortune 500 yang mengkhususkan diri pada layanan TI. Perusahaan ini memiliki semua klien lintas dunia dan memberikan keahlian di berbagai sektor industri. Infosys mengintegrasikan Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan untuk lebih memfasilitasi tenaga kerja dan membantu perusahaan mencapai tujuan strategisnya. 1.2 Maksud dari esai ini Esai ini bertujuan untuk memberikan tinjauan kritis terhadap Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys. Ini mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan integrasi Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys, dan memberikan rekomendasi yang tepat untuk perbaikan di masa depan. 1.3 Struktur esai ini Bab 1 memberikan latar belakang singkat dan tujuan esai. Bab 2 memberi pengenalan Infosys. Bab 3 berbicara tentang Manajemen Kinerja dan bagaimana fungsi HRM ini dalam Infosys. Bab 4 membahas tentang Pelatihan dan Pengembangan dan fungsi dan perannya dalam Infosys. Bab 5 memberikan tinjauan kritis terhadap Integrasi Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys. Bab 6 menawarkan beberapa rekomendasi untuk pengembangan dan pengembangan Infosys di masa depan serta Manajemen Kinerja. Bab 7 adalah kesimpulan dari keseluruhan esai. 2. Pengenalan Singkat Infosys Infosys dimulai pada tahun 1981 oleh tujuh orang dengan AS 250. Saat ini, mereka adalah pemimpin global dalam konsultasi, teknologi dan outsourcing dengan pendapatan sebesar US 7,075 miliar (LTM Q1 TA13). Banyak organisasi paling sukses di dunia mengandalkan Infosys untuk memberikan nilai bisnis yang terukur. Infosys menyediakan layanan konsultasi bisnis, teknologi, teknik dan outsourcing untuk membantu klien di lebih dari 30 negara membangun perusahaan esok hari. Infosys memiliki jejak global dengan 68 kantor dan 70 pusat pengembangan di AS, India, China, Australia, Jepang, Timur Tengah, Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Swiss, Belanda, Polandia, Kanada dan banyak negara lainnya. Infosys dan anak perusahaannya memiliki 151.151 karyawan pada tanggal 30 Juni 2012. Infosys membantu perusahaan memperoleh nilai bisnis terukur yang selalu mereka cari dari investasi bisnis dan TI. Nilai bisnis perusahaan delivesr terukur dalam 3 cara: Infosys dapat mengubah bentuk dasar bisnis Anda PampL. Terlepas dari tim mana klien kami terlibat dengan perusahaan memiliki proses praktik terbaik untuk memberikan nilai. Dalam Infosys disebut DAMPAK - untuk memastikan garis penglihatan yang jelas dari perubahan proses menjadi dampak bottom-line, memastikan bahwa Anda menerima nilai bisnis yang Anda janjikan. Di luar transformasi dan inovasi, hal itu bermuara pada eksekusi - mengantarkan tepat waktu, sesuai nilai anggaran dan kuota. Infosys dapat mengoptimalkan operasi inti klien untuk mendorong efisiensi terbaik di kelas dan membantu mendanai transformasi dan inovasi. Infosys dapat menyuntikkan inovasi produk dan layanan ke dalam bisnis klien untuk menciptakan peluang pendapatan baru melalui kolaborasi dan co-creation. Landasan kemampuan inovasi adalah jaringan laboratorium inti kami - Laboratorium Infosys - dan pemikiran baru yang tim kami beranggotakan lebih dari 600 peneliti membawa ke meja. Visi dan Misi Infosys adalah: quotWe akan menjadi perusahaan yang dihormati secara global. quot quotStrategic Partnerships for Building Tomorrows Enterprise. quot 3. Manajemen Kinerja dan Fungsi dalam Infosys 3.1 Tinjauan Akademik tentang Levit Manajemen Kinerja (2008) menunjukkan bahwa kinerja adalah multi Struktur lapisan, dan tergantung pada faktor pengukuran yang berbeda, hasilnya mungkin berbeda juga. Jadi, jika kita ingin mengukur dan mengelola kinerja, pertama-tama kita harus mendefinisikannya dan mengetahui secara tepat arti manajemen kinerja. Biasanya manajemen kinerja dapat didefinisikan dari tiga perspektif, dan dengan perspektif yang berbeda, isi, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dan metode pengukuran yang manajemen kinerja mencakup perbedaan. Dari perspektif individu, definisi manajemen kinerja belum sampai pada kesimpulan universal karena berbagai pakar HRM memberikan definisi mereka sendiri. Pada tahap saat ini, ada dua pandangan utama. Satu pandangan percaya bahwa kinerja sama dengan hasil sementara pandangan lain menunjukkan bahwa kinerja sama dengan perilaku. Bernadin (1995) mengemukakan bahwa kinerja harus didefinisikan sebagai hasil kerja, karena hasil kerja ini terkait erat dengan tujuan, strategi, kepuasan pelanggan dan investasi organisasi. Kane (1996) menunjukkan bahwa kinerja adalah hal-hal yang ditinggalkan individu, dan hal-hal semacam itu relatif ada. Oleh karena itu, tidaklah sulit untuk melihat bahwa pandangan kinerja sama dengan hasil yang percaya bahwa hasil yang dihasilkan kinerja adalah catatan seberapa baik satu karyawan bekerja. Konsep relatif tentang hasil kinerja meliputi: Akuntabilitas, Bidang Hasil Utama, Hasil, Tugas, Tugas dan Kegiatan, Tujuan, Sasaran atau Sasaran, Keluaran, Faktor Kesuksesan Kritis. Saat ini, bagaimanapun, semakin banyak orang telah menerima konsep bahwa kinerja sama dengan perilaku, dan mereka telah mencatat tantangan terhadap pandangan kinerja sama dengan hasilnya. Campbell (1990) mengemukakan bahwa kinerja adalah seperangkat perilaku yang terkait dengan organisasi tempat seseorang bekerja atau tujuan yang dimiliki organisasi. Definisi kinerjanya pada tahun 1993 adalah bahwa kinerja adalah sinonim dari perilaku, dan ini adalah perilaku aktual orang dan dapat diamati dan diukur. Manajemen kinerja adalah proses dimana manajer memastikan bahwa aktivitas dan keluaran karyawan sesuai dengan tujuan organisasi. Ini digunakan untuk menetapkan ukuran kinerja agar target yang jelas ditetapkan dan merupakan proses berkelanjutan yang memungkinkan kita memperbaiki penyampaian bisnis. Manajemen kinerja memainkan peran kunci dalam Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia karena sasaran kinerja organisasi dirancang sesuai dengan rencana pengembangan organisasi, strategi dan tujuan organisasi. Saat ini ada berbagai alat untuk bagaimana mengelola kinerja seperti Saldo Saya percaya bahwa dalam manajemen kinerja praktis, konsep kinerja yang lebih luas harus digunakan - yaitu, konsep kinerja harus mencakup dua aspek perilaku dan hasil. Perspektif seperti ini tercermin dengan baik dalam definisi kinerja menurut Brumbrach (1998): kinerja berarti hasil dan perilaku. Ini memberitahu kita bahwa ketika kita melakukan manajemen kinerja, kita harus mempertimbangkan input (behavior) dan output (hasil). Manajemen kinerja harus mencakup dua aspek dari apa yang harus dilakukan dan bagaimana melakukannya. 3.2 Manajemen Kinerja Infosys Infosys adalah perusahaan Fortune 500 yang layanan utamanya berada di industri TI. Hari ini adalah perusahaan terdepan di pasar yang menyediakan berbagai solusi TI untuk kliennya. Lingkup bisnis Infosys berkisar antara Telekomunikasi, Perbankan, Pembiayaan, Ritel sampai Manufaktur. Seperti kebanyakan perusahaan internasional, Infosys memiliki struktur organisasi matriks. Basis perusahaan ada di India, tapi tidak secara ketat menjadi markas perusahaan. Berbagai braches di seluruh dunia bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan strategis organisasi. Jenis karyawan di Infosys terbagi menjadi dua katalog: karyawan tetap dan kontraktor. Dengan demikian, manajemen kinerja di Infosys memiliki dua metode manajemen yang berbeda untuk karyawan dan kontraktor reguler. Definisi Infosys untuk Manajemen Kinerja adalah bahwa manajemen kinerja adalah proses komunikasi yang konstan dan terus berjalan. Selama proses ini, karyawan dan manajer mencapai konsensus mengenai pertanyaan berikut dalam bentuk mitra kerja kolaborasi: Tugas yang harus diselesaikan oleh karyawan Bagaimana cara kerja yang dapat dilakukan oleh karyawan memberikan kontribusi untuk mewujudkan tujuan perusahaan Gunakan konten rinci untuk menggambarkan bagaimana melakukan pekerjaan dengan baik Bagaimana Dapatkah karyawan dan manajer bekerja sama untuk membantu karyawan meningkatkan kinerjanya bagaimana mengukur kinerja Hambatan yang menghambat perkembangan kinerja dan bagaimana menaklukkannya. Sementara itu, Infosys percaya bahwa manajemen kinerja adalah: Bagian inti dari keseluruhan strategi sumber daya manusia perusahaan Satu metode untuk mengukur kinerja individu Penekanan diberikan pada proses peningkatan keterampilan terpadu karyawan Alat untuk menghubungkan kinerja individu dengan strategi dan sasaran perusahaan. Ada tiga aspek dalam manajemen kinerja Infosys: Performance Plan. Pada bagian ini, para manajer dan karyawan mencapai konsensus mengenai pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut: Apa yang harus dilakukan oleh karyawan Bagaimana seharusnya pekerjaan diselesaikan Mengapa barang kerja ini harus dilakukan Kapan barang kerja ini harus dikerjakan Pertanyaan lain yang relevan: lingkungan kerja, kemampuan, prospek karir, pelatihan Dll. Selama proses ini, para manajer dan karyawan terus-menerus mengkomunikasikan pertanyaan di atas, dan akhirnya menandatangani catatan komunikasi mereka, dan menggunakannya sebagai sasaran kinerja karyawan. Tujuan kinerja ini adalah dasar keseluruhan manajemen kinerja dan pengukuran kinerja sehingga memainkan peran penting dalam manajemen kinerja. Proses penetapan sasaran kinerja biasanya memakan waktu seperempat tahun. Sasaran kinerja biasanya mencakup dua bagian: satu adalah Sasaran Bisnis yang lain adalah Standar Perilaku. Menurut Pinson (2004), rencana bisnis adalah pernyataan formal dari serangkaian tujuan bisnis, alasan mengapa mereka dipercaya dapat dicapai, dan rencana untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Ini mungkin juga berisi informasi latar belakang tentang organisasi atau tim yang berusaha mencapai tujuan tersebut. Rencana bisnis juga dapat menargetkan perubahan persepsi dan branding oleh pelanggan, klien, wajib pajak, atau komunitas yang lebih besar. Bila bisnis yang ada adalah untuk mengambil perubahan besar atau saat merencanakan usaha baru, diperlukan rencana bisnis 3 sampai 5 tahun, karena investor akan mencari return tahunan mereka dalam jangka waktu tersebut. Infosys menggunakan tujuan bisnis sebagai bagian dari kinerja tahunan kinerja karyawan, dan membantu meningkatkan kinerja karyawan dan membantu mencapai tujuan organisasi. 2. Konstan Komunikasi Kinerja. Komunikasi harus melalui keseluruhan proses manajemen kinerja. Hanya satu atau dua kali komunikasi antara karyawan dan manajer yang jauh dari cukup, dan tidak mematuhi prinsip-prinsip manajemen kinerja. Seperti Montana amp Charon (2008), sebuah bisnis dapat berkembang bila semua tujuan organisasi dapat dicapai secara efektif. Untuk efisiensi dalam suatu organisasi, semua orang di organisasi harus bisa menyampaikan pesan mereka dengan baik. 3. Rapat Penilaian Kinerja. Pertemuan penilaian kinerja Infosys sangat efisien, dan biasanya diadakan dalam waktu satu jam ketika semua manajer berkumpul untuk membahas evaluasi kinerja tahunan. Ini terutama mencakup empat aspek: 1) Evaluasi diri karyawan 2) Mencapai konsensus mengenai kinerja karyawan, sesuai fakta dan bukan tayangan 3) Menentukan tingkat kinerja 4) Bukan hanya untuk mengevaluasi karyawan, ini juga merupakan kesempatan yang baik untuk memecahkan masalah. . Cederblom (1982) mengemukakan bahwa penilaian kinerja biasanya dilakukan setiap tahun. Wawancara tersebut dapat berfungsi sebagai umpan balik untuk karyawan, konseling dan pengembangan karyawan, dan menyampaikan dan mendiskusikan kompensasi, status pekerjaan, atau keputusan disipliner. Hal ini sering disertakan dalam sistem manajemen kinerja dan sistem manajemen kinerja digunakan untuk mengelola dan menyelaraskan semua sumber daya organisasi untuk mencapai kinerja setinggi mungkin. 4. Pelatihan dan Pengembangan dan Fungsi dalam Infosys 4.1 Tinjauan Akademik Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan (TampD) merupakan bagian yang sangat diperlukan dalam pengelolaan sumber daya manusia, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kinerja individu dan kelompok dalam organisasi. Pelatihan dan pengembangan memiliki sejumlah nama, seperti pengembangan sumber daya manusia, dan pembelajaran dan pengembangan. Seperti definisinya, ada beberapa penjelasan populer. Menurut Rothwell amp Kazanas (2004), pelatihan dan pengembangan, bagian dari pengembangan sumber daya manusia, adalah proses untuk mengubah organisasi, karyawan, pemangku kepentingan, dan kelompok orang di dalamnya, menggunakan pembelajaran yang direncanakan dan tidak terencana, untuk mencapai Dan mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitif bagi organisasi. Badan utama pelatihan dan pengembangan adalah orang dewasa, dan cara orang dewasa belajar dan berkembang berbeda dengan cara yang dilakukan siswa. Pelatihan orang dewasa memiliki tujuan yang lebih spesifik, dan biasanya lebih praktis, dengan tujuan untuk memecahkan pertanyaan praktis. Oleh karena itu, organisasi atau departemen yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengembangkan program pelatihan perlu mengetahui tentang teori pembelajaran orang dewasa. Pada tahun 1950, Malcolm Knowles mengembangkan sebuah teori baru untuk pembelajaran orang dewasa, yang disebut quotAndragogyquot. Andragogi ada dalam konteks pelajar dewasa yang kontras dengan definisi pembelajaran anak (disebut pembelajaran pedagogis). Michael (2007) mengemukakan bahwa gagasan utama dalam konteks pembelajaran orang dewasa adalah bahwa hanya setelah meyakinkan diri sendiri tentang alasan belajar bahwa orang dewasa akan memutuskan untuk (dan dapat) belajar. Makanya, orang dewasa tidak bisa diperlakukan seperti anak kecil jika ada yang berharap bisa belajar. Oleh karena itu diasumsikan bahwa lokakarya dan seminar yang diselenggarakan oleh siswa sendiri menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang lebih baik daripada yang terorganisir secara eksternal. Hal ini telah menghasilkan serangkaian inovasi pengajaran baru-baru ini seperti kelompok tutor yang dipimpin siswa dan program instruksi tambahan yang dipimpin oleh siswa di atas rata-rata. Teori penting lainnya tentang pelatihan dan pengembangan adalah Learning Organization yang diciptakan oleh Peter Senge. Pedler amp Boydell (1997) mendefinisikan bahwa organisasi belajar adalah istilah yang diberikan kepada perusahaan yang memfasilitasi pembelajaran anggotanya dan terus mentransformasikan dirinya sendiri. Tidak ada model tunggal organisasi belajar. Organisasi pembelajaran adalah tentang sikap terhadap atau ideologi karyawan dan organisasi dan merupakan cara berpikir baru tentang organisasi. Dalam leaning organization, setiap orang perlu mengidentifikasi dan memecahkan masalah, sehingga organisasi mampu terus-menerus mencoba hal baru, meningkatkan dan meningkatkan kemampuannya. Nilai dasar organisasi belajar adalah pemecahan masalah, sedangkan sebaliknya, fokus organisasi tradisional adalah efisiensi. Dalam setiap organisasi pembelajaran, karyawan perlu mengambil bagian dalam mengidentifikasi masalah, yang berarti bahwa karyawan perlu memahami kebutuhan pelanggan. Karyawan juga perlu memecahkan masalah, dan ini berarti mereka perlu memikirkan kebutuhan pelanggan dengan cara yang unik. Organisasi pembelajaran meningkatkan nilai organisasi berdasarkan gagasan dan informasi baru, bukan produksi material. 4.2 Pelatihan dan Pengembangan Pelatihan Infos dan pengembangan terutama dilakukan di Infosys oleh departemen HR-nya. Saat ini seluruh perusahaan memiliki lebih dari 20.000 karyawan, dan pelatihan dan pengembangan selalu menjadi fungsi utama semua departemen SDM di semua cabang. Perusahaan bersedia memberikan kesempatan pelatihan yang sangat baik bagi karyawannya. Meskipun departemen pelatihan dan pengembangan terkemuka di Infosys adalah departemen HR-nya, departemen lain juga ikut serta dan bekerja sama dengan departemen HR. Pelatihan dan pengembangan dilakukan oleh personel HR sesuai dengan berbagai persyaratan dari berbagai departemen yang berada di lokasi geografis yang berbeda. Ada spesialis pelatihan dan pengembangan yang bertanggung jawab atas beberapa konten pelatihan, seperti teknologi, pengetahuan bisnis, kebijakan perusahaan, pemasaran, dll. Departemen SDM merencanakan jadwal pelatihan dan pengembangan tahunan bersama dengan para ahli dari departemen lain, dan bertanggung jawab untuk melaksanakan pelatihan ini. Jadwal. Kursus pelatihan di Infosys dipresentasikan oleh pakar materi pelajaran (UKM) di perusahaan atau oleh pakar dari organisasi lain dan universitas. Pakar pelatihan perlu mencatat kinerja guru selama sesi pelatihan. Setelah sesi pelatihan, umpan balik dari karyawan dikumpulkan dan dianalisis, untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan efisiensi program pelatihan perusahaan. Perusahaan menciptakan kebijakan pelatihan yang merupakan bagian dari kebijakan HR perusahaan. Dan pelanggaran terhadap kebijakan pelatihan akan dilaporkan ke manajer pelaporan karyawan. Ini menjamin kualitas pelatihan dan pengembangan di Infosys. Pelatihan dan pengembangan memainkan fungsi penting dalam operasi sehari-hari Infosys dan pengembangan strategi. Departemen SDM membagi pelatihan dan pengembangan terutama ke dalam empat tingkatan. Tingkat pertama adalah untuk manajemen senior dan calon manajer senior tingkat kedua adalah untuk karyawan normal dan manajer normal tingkat ketiga adalah untuk penjualan lini pertama, tingkat berikutnya adalah untuk karyawan baru dan lulusan baru. Sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan persyaratan dari tingkat yang berbeda, sesi pelatihan dirancang oleh tim yang berbeda. Garavan, Costine, dan Heraty (1995) mencatat bahwa pelatihan dan pengembangan (TampD) mencakup tiga kegiatan utama: pelatihan, pendidikan, dan pengembangan dan bahwa gagasan ini sering dianggap sama. Dalam Infosys, pelatihan dan pengembangan juga dapat dilihat dari ketiga bagian ini: 1. Pelatihan: Kegiatan ini terfokus pada tugas pekerjaan yang saat ini ditangani karyawan. Biasanya dilakukan melalui pelatihan kelas, pelatihan di tempat kerja, dan kompetisi di Infosys. 2. Pendidikan: Kegiatan ini berfokus pada pekerjaan yang dapat ditangani oleh seorang karyawan di masa depan. Infosys menyediakan buku dan kursus pembelajaran mandiri untuk aktivitas semacam itu, dan karyawan memiliki lebih banyak fleksibilitas untuk belajar pada langkah mereka sendiri dan mereka dapat memilih untuk belajar selama waktu kerja atau pada akhir pekan. 3. Pengembangan: Kegiatan ini berfokus pada kegiatan dimana organisasi mempekerjakan individu. Di Infosys, setiap karyawan baru perlu menghadiri Program Pengembangan Orientasi New Hire dalam tiga bulan pertama setelah dipekerjakan oleh perusahaan. Kegiatan tersebut membantu karyawan baru mengetahui tentang budaya perusahaan, kebijakan, kode pakaian dan sebagainya dan sebagainya. Pada akhir setiap tahun, Infosys mengadakan beberapa ceramah untuk meringkas keseluruhan program pelatihan dan pengembangan di tahun yang lewat, mengidentifikasi masalah dan mencari solusi untuk masalah ini. Ini membantu departemen SDM merencanakan program pelatihan tahun depan dengan lebih baik, sehingga membantu perusahaan mencapai tujuan strategis jangka pendek dan jangka panjangnya. 5. Integrasi Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys 5.1 Bagaimana Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan bekerja sama dalam Infosys In Infosys, Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan terkait erat. Perusahaan menciptakan sistem berbasis komputer untuk mengelola kinerja dan pengembangan karir staf. Mudah bagi manajer untuk melihat pada tingkat apa kinerja karyawan saat ini dan jenis pelatihan apa yang dibutuhkan karyawan. Sistem ini juga membantu strategi pelatihan dan pengembangan staf untuk memungkinkan karyawan membantu kemajuan mereka ke tingkat atas dalam pekerjaan mereka saat ini. Hal ini juga dapat memberikan panduan tentang kemungkinan pelatihan dan pendampingan lebih lanjut untuk membantu mereka mengembangkan karir mereka di dalam organisasi. Kinerja karyawan dievaluasi menurut beberapa aspek, dan di antara aspek-aspek ini, pelatihan dan pengembangan karyawan dipertimbangkan dan dapat mempengaruhi penilaian kinerja akhir karyawan. Infosys mewajibkan karyawan regulernya untuk mengambil setidaknya lima sesi pelatihan dalam satu tahun, untuk memastikan setiap karyawan dilengkapi dengan keterampilan dan pengetahuan terkini sehingga mereka dapat memberikan kontribusi yang lebih baik kepada perusahaan dan membantu perusahaan mencapai tujuan strateginya. Karyawan perlu melengkapi Buku Kerja Keterampilan Kerja yang mencakup keterampilan yang harus dimiliki karyawan untuk menyelesaikan tugas pekerjaan mereka. Buku kerja ini digunakan sebagai dasar evaluasi kinerja. Baik karyawan maupun manajer harus menyetujui jenis ketrampilan yang termasuk dalam Work Skills Workbook dan tingkat pelatihan yang harus diambil oleh karyawan. Selain itu, sekelompok karyawan dapat bekerja sama untuk mengidentifikasi tujuan pelatihan dan pengembangan individual dan kolektif mereka. Kemudian tujuan ini akan didiskusikan dengan spesialis pelatihan dan manajer mereka, dan departemen SDM akan mencoba mengatur sesuai program pelatihan untuk para karyawan ini. Ini, tanpa diragukan lagi, memperkuat kemampuan perusahaan dan meningkatkan produktivitas. Di Infosys, beberapa kegiatan dilakukan setiap tahun untuk mengembangkan elemen keterampilan kunci yang diidentifikasi. Ini bisa mencakup pengalaman kerja baru, tanggung jawab dan tantangan, pendampingan, pembinaan atau pelatihan formal. Setelah diidentifikasi, elemen ini juga akan disertakan dalam evaluasi kinerja karyawan. Jadi, pelatihan dan pengembangan membantu mengidentifikasi keterampilan dan tanggung jawab baru dari karyawan, dan fungsi manajemen kinerja sebagai mekanisme pemantauan dan evaluasi untuk kebutuhan pelatihan dan pengembangan baru ini. Setelah sesi pelatihan, manajer atau pemimpin tim perlu memberi umpan balik kepada karyawan tentang kinerja mereka saat ini dan tujuan mereka untuk periode waktu yang disepakati berikutnya yang biasanya satu tahun. Akhirnya, pada akhir periode waktu yang disepakati, karyawan tersebut perlu sekali lagi berbicara dengan manajer atau pemimpin timnya dan mendiskusikan bagaimana kinerja mereka dan apakah ada perubahan dalam jadwal pelatihan dan pengembangan mereka. 5.2 Kekuatan dan Kelemahan Integrasi Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys Integrasi antara Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys memiliki beberapa penguatan: 1. Ini menciptakan mekanisme multi level untuk manajemen kinerja. Dengan berdiskusi dengan para manajer tentang jenis keterampilan dan kinerja yang diharapkan oleh para karyawan untuk dicapai di awal, karyawan dapat mengetahui dengan jelas apa yang diharapkan dari mereka dan manajer mereka. Karyawan dapat mengikuti berbagai program pelatihan untuk mencapai tujuan mereka dan menggunakan apa yang telah mereka pelajari dalam pekerjaan sehari-hari mereka, sehingga meningkatkan produktivitas dan kinerja mereka. 2. Karyawan memiliki lebih banyak pilihan tentang apa yang ingin mereka kembangkan di Infosys dan apa jalur karir mereka. Nilai Infosys adalah membuat setiap pelanggan puas. Hanya melalui kerja bagus, perusahaan bisa mendapatkan kepercayaan yang tinggi dari pelanggan. Ketika Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan bekerja sama secara erat di Infosys, setiap karyawan dapat memilih jalan karir mana yang mereka sukai, seperti pakar teknis, manajer orang atau manajer pengiriman dll. Dengan target dan tujuan yang jelas, Karyawan lebih termotivasi untuk mengikuti program pelatihan dan pengembangan yang diberikan oleh perusahaan dan hasil belajar mereka kemudian tercermin langsung dalam evaluasi kinerja dalam manajemen kinerja perusahaan. Namun, di sisi lain, ada beberapa kelemahan integrasi Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys: 1. Terlalu fokus pada keterampilan kerja namun mengabaikan keterampilan manajemen. Infosys adalah perusahaan internasional yang besar dan layanannya di industri TI termasuk yang terbaik. Perusahaan berfokus terlalu banyak pada keterampilan karyawan lini pertama, dan hampir 80 program pelatihan dan pengembangan adalah tentang keterampilan kerja. Evaluasi kinerja karyawan juga terutama mengevaluasi keterampilan baru yang telah dipelajari karyawan melalui program pelatihan dan bagaimana kinerjanya. Namun dalam jangka panjang, keterampilan manajemen juga dibutuhkan oleh karyawan karena beberapa di antaranya adalah manajer potensial di masa depan. 2. Sesi pelatihan di Infosys hanya untuk karyawan tetap, bukan untuk kontraktor. Jadi hasilnya adalah kontraktor yang menempati lebih dari 40 dari semua karyawan, tidak dapat menerima pelatihan yang tepat tepat waktu. Karena kontraktor tidak diizinkan untuk berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan pelatihan dan pengembangan, ketika mereka mendiskusikan dengan manajer mereka mengenai evaluasi kinerja mereka, tidak ada bagian untuk pelatihan dan pengembangan. Hal ini menghambat kontraktor untuk mengembangkan keterampilan mereka dan mungkin bisa menghambat pengembangan strategi perusahaan dalam jangka panjang. 6. Rekomendasi Berdasarkan kekuatan dan kelemahan integrasi Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di Infosys, rekomendasi ini dapat dipertimbangkan saat manajemen membuat keputusan di masa depan. 1. Keterampilan manajemen juga harus disertakan dalam kegiatan pelatihan dan pengembangan Infosys, dan lebih banyak lagi karyawan lini pertama yang memiliki akses terhadapnya. Karyawan ini akan menjadi manajer di masa depan, dan menyediakan program pelatihan yang tepat untuk keterampilan manajemen akan meningkatkan produktivitas mereka dan membuat pekerjaan mereka lebih efisien dan efektif. 2. Pelatihan dan pengembangan harus mencakup kontraktor. Di Infosys, ada dua jenis karyawan: karyawan tetap dan kontraktor. Saat ini sebagian besar program pelatihan dan pengembangan hanya untuk karyawan biasa saja. Dengan memberikan kesempatan pelatihan dan pengembangan yang sama bagi kontraktor, keseluruhan tenaga kerja Infosys dapat diperkuat, dan produktivitas perusahaan secara keseluruhan dapat ditingkatkan. Esai ini mengulas baik Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di perusahaan Infosys. Ini pertama kali memberikan tinjauan akademis terhadap konsep dan teori Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan di HRM, kemudian menghubungkan konsep dan teori dengan kasus aktual Infosys. Ini memberikan tinjauan kritis tentang bagaimana Manajemen Kinerja dan Pelatihan dan Pengembangan bekerja sama dalam Infosys dan menganalisis penguatan dan kelemahan kedua fungsi HRM ini yang terintegrasi dalam Infosys dan memberikan rekomendasi relatif. Essay Writing Service Sepenuhnya direferensikan, disampaikan tepat waktu, Essay Writing Service. pelatihan dan pelatihan pengembangan pembelajaran, pembinaan, pendampingan, pelatihan dan desain pembelajaran - orang-orang yang sedang berkembang Pelatihan konvensional diperlukan untuk mencakup keterampilan, teknik dan pengetahuan penting yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan, dan sebagian besar Bagian ini berkaitan dengan mengambil pendekatan progresif positif terhadap pelatihan tradisional semacam ini. Yang penting, cara yang paling efektif untuk mengembangkan orang sangat berbeda dari pelatihan keterampilan konvensional, yang memungkinkannya menghadapi banyak perhatian karyawan dengan sangat negatif. Mereka akan melakukannya tentu saja, tapi mereka tidak akan banyak menikmatinya karena tentang pekerjaannya, bukan tentang diri mereka sebagai manusia. Cara paling efektif untuk mengembangkan orang adalah untuk memungkinkan pembelajaran dan pengembangan pribadi. Dengan semua ini menyiratkan. Jadi, segera setelah Anda menyelesaikan pelatihan keterampilan terkait pekerjaan dasar yang banyak dijelaskan di bagian ini - fokuskan pada memungkinkan pembelajaran dan pengembangan bagi orang sebagai individu - yang memperluas jangkauan jalan pembangunan di luar keterampilan dan pengetahuan kerja tradisional, dan menciptakan jauh Kesempatan yang lebih menarik, membebaskan, dan memotivasi - untuk orang dan pengusaha. Organisasi yang benar menghadapi tekanan besar untuk berubah akhir-akhir ini - untuk memfasilitasi dan mendorong pengembangan dan pemenuhan seluruh orang - di luar pelatihan tradisional. Area pelatihan indeks dan pertanyaan yang ditampilkan di halaman ini Mentoring - prinsip, penetapan biaya, pembenaran, penetapan ide dan jenis sumber daya Pelatihan - sumber ada di mana - mana - bagaimana membangun perpustakaan Anda sendiricollectiontoolbox Catatan tentang ejaan di situs ini: Anda mungkin memperhatikan bahwa kata organisasi organisasi (Dan variasi) di halaman ini dieja cara Inggris Inggris, organisasi, dan bahasa Inggris AS, organisasi. Hal ini agar orang bisa menemukan bahan dengan mudah saat mencari di web. Kata lain seperti warna, disukai, dioptimalkan, diprioritaskan, dll. Cenderung mengikuti ejaan Inggris Inggris, karena saya orang Inggris. Jangan ragu untuk memeriksa ejaan dan mengubah catatan ini sesuai dengan preferensi Anda jika Anda menggunakannya untuk situasi Anda sendiri, yang untuk pengajaran dan kajiannya baik-baik saja. Pengenalan dan konteks Seperti halnya dengan situs web ini secara keseluruhan, panduan pelatihan ini sangat berorientasi terutama pada apa yang baik untuk orang, bukan terutama yang menguntungkan bagi organisasi. Alasannya adalah bahwa dalam hal pembelajaran, pelatihan dan pengembangan, apa yang baik untuk orang bagus untuk organisasi tempat mereka bekerja. Apa yang baik untuk pengembangan masyarakat adalah baik untuk kinerja organisasi, kualitas, kepuasan pelanggan, manajemen dan pengendalian yang efektif, dan karenanya juga menguntungkan. Ini penting bagi Kontrak Psikologis yang seimbang dalam organisasi ketenagakerjaan. Keuntungan adalah hasil pengelolaan dan pengembangan orang dengan baik. Orang dan perkembangannya memungkinkan keuntungan. Aktifkan orang dan Anda mengaktifkan keuntungan. Organisasi yang mendekati pelatihan dan pengembangan dari sudut pandang ini pasti menumbuhkan orang-orang yang berkinerja baik dan maju, dan yang terpenting, tetap tinggal cukup lama untuk menjadi hebat dalam apa yang mereka lakukan, dan untuk membantu orang lain menjadi begitu. Pelatihan adalah kata yang sangat umum digunakan, jadi fitur sangat banyak di halaman ini, namun pembelajaran ada banyak cara untuk memikirkan topik ini, karena belajar adalah pelajaran bagi pelajar, sedangkan pelatihan secara tradisional dimiliki oleh pelatih atau organisasi. Ini adalah perbedaan yang signifikan dalam sikap, dijelaskan secara lebih rinci pada halaman pelatihan atau pembelajaran. Pelatihan harus tentang pengembangan orang utuh - tidak hanya mentransfer keterampilan, interpretasi tradisional tentang pelatihan di tempat kerja. Apapun peran dan tanggung jawab Anda, Anda mungkin tidak segera bisa memberi penekanan baru pada pengembangan pribadi. Menjadi realistis, sikap dan harapan perusahaan tentang pelatihan dan kinerjanya tidak dapat diubah dalam semalam, dan sebagian besar organisasi masih melihat pelatihan terbatas pada keterampilan kerja, kelas dan presentasi powerpoint. Namun, ketika Anda mulai membayangkan dan berpikir dan berbicara tentang sikap progresif terhadap orang-orang yang sedang berkembang - melampaui pelatihan keterampilan tradisional - misalnya: memungkinkan pembelajaran memfasilitasi pengembangan pribadi yang bermakna membantu orang untuk mengidentifikasi dan mencapai potensi pribadi mereka, maka Anda pasti akan mulai membantu Organisasi (dan CEO) untuk melihat dan menerima gagasan baru tentang jenis pembelajaran dan pengembangan yang benar-benar bekerja paling baik dan menghasilkan organisasi kelas terdepan. N. B. Regulasi Ketenagakerjaan Inggris (konsisten dengan Eropa) 2006, yang berlaku efektif sejak 1 Oktober 2006, membuat undang-undang yang melanggar hukum untuk mendiskriminasi siapapun dengan alasan usia. Ini memiliki beberapa implikasi untuk pelatihan, dokumen yang digunakan, dan pelatihan pelatih dan fasilitator. For further guidance about the effects of Age Equality and Discrimination in training and developing people, (and in other aspects of managing people), see the Age Diversity information, which quite naturally relates to the subject of whole-person development, given its connections with diversity and taking proper care of people. There are very many materials on this website with particular relevance to the design and delivery and management of learning and development. Here are some examples, which will lead you to others, aside from the general guidance on this page: Experiential learning - and guide to facilitating experiential learning activities Training or learning - facilitating learning - rather than imposing training - ideas on whole-person development. The group selection recruitmentassessment centre design guide also contains some useful information for training and assessment design, especially the need to establish a clear specification (developmentassessment criteria) before beginning to design training concepts, content, delivery and methods of assessment, incidentally illustrated by this outline process diagram: training process ideas and outline process Here is a relatively simple overview of typical reference models, processes and tools found in the effective planning and delivery of organizational training. 1. Assess and agree training needs 2. Create training or development specification 3. Consider learning styles and personality 4. Plan training and evaluation 5. Design materials, methods and deliver training Conduct some sort of training needs analysis. Another method example of assessing and prioritising training is DIF Analysis. This commonly happens in the appraisal process. Involve the people in identifying and agreeing relevant aligned training. Look also at your recruitment processes - there is no point training people if they are not the right people to begin with. Why people leave also helps identify development needs. Having identified what you want to train and develop in people, you must break down the training or learning requirement into manageable elements. Attach standards or measures or parameters to each element. Revisit the skill-sets and training needs analysis tools - they can help organize and training elements assessment on a large scale. Peoples learning styles greatly affect what type of training they will find easiest and most effective. Look also at personality types. Remember you are dealing with people, not objects. People have feelings as well as skills and knowledge. The Erikson model is wonderful for understanding more about this. Consider the team and the group. Adairs theory helps. So does the Tuckman model . Consider evaluation training effectiveness. which includes before-and-after measurements. The Kirkpatrick model especially helps you to structure training design. Consider Blooms theory too, so that you can understand what sort of development you are actually addressing. See the self-study program design tips below - the internet offers more opportunities than ever. Presentation is an important aspect of delivery. Good writing techniques help with the design of materials. So do the principles of advertising - its all about meaningful communication. There is a useful training providers selection template on the sales training page, which can be adapted for all sorts of providers and services. There are many different training and development methods. On-the-job training, informal training, classroom training, internal training courses, external training courses, on-the-job coaching, life-coaching. mentoring, training assignments and tasks, skills training, product training, technical training, behavioural development training, role-playing and role-play games and exercises. attitudinal training and development, accredited training and learning, distance learning - all part of the training menu, available to use and apply according to individual training needs and organisational training needs. Training is also available far beyond and outside the classroom. More importantly, training - or learning, to look at it from the trainees view - is anything offering learning and developmental experience. Training and learning development includes aspects such as: ethics and morality attitude and behaviour leadership and determination, as well as skills and knowledge. Development isnt restricted to training - its anything that helps a person to grow, in ability, skills, confidence, tolerance, commitment, initiative, inter-personal skills, understanding, self-control, motivation (see the motivation theory section), and more. If you consider the attributes of really effective people, be they leaders, managers, operators, technicians any role at all, the important qualities which make good performers special are likely to be attitudinal . Skills and knowledge, and the processes available to people, are no great advantage. What makes people effective and valuable to any organization is their attitude. Attitude includes qualities that require different training and learning methods. Attitude stems from a persons mind-set, belief system, emotional maturity, self-confidence, and experience. These are the greatest training and development challenges faced, and there are better ways of achieving this sort of change and development than putting people in a classroom, or indeed by delivering most sorts of conventional business or skills training, which people see as a chore. This is why training and learning must extend far beyond conventional classroom training courses. Be creative, innovative, and open-minded, and you will discover learning in virtually every new experience, whether for yourself, your team, or your organization. If you want to make a difference, think about what really helps people to change. Many of these methodologies are explained on this website. Explore them and enjoy them, and encourage others to do the same. All supervisors and managers should enable and provide training and development for their people - training develops people, it improves performance, raises morale training and developing people increases the health and effectiveness of the organization, and the productivity of the business. The leaders ethics and behaviour set the standard for their peoples, which determines how productively they use their skills and knowledge. Training is nothing without the motivation to apply it effectively. A strong capability to plan and manage skills training, the acquisition of knowledge, and the development of motivation and attitude, largely determines how well people perform in their jobs. Training - and also enabling learning and personal development - is essential for the organisation. It helps improve quality, customer satisfaction, productivity, morale, management succession, business development and profitability. As regards conventional work-related training planning, and training itself, these are step-by-step processes - see and download a free training process diagram. More free training tools are available for download at the free training tools and resources page. See for example the training planner and traininglesson plan calculator tool. which are templates for planning and organising the delivery of job skills training and processes, and transfer of knowledge and policy etc. See also the training induction checklist and planner tool. Use these tools and processes to ensure that essential work-related skills, techniques, and knowledge are trained, but remember after this to concentrate most of your training efforts and resources on enabling and facilitating meaningful learning and personal development for people . There is no reason to stop at work-related training. Go further to help people grow and develop as people. Having said this, we do need to start with the essentials, for example induction training for new starters. Induction Training is especially important for new starters. Good induction training ensures new starters are retained, and then settled in quickly and happily to a productive role. Induction training is more than skills training. Its about the basics that seasoned employees all take for granted: what the shifts are where the notice-board is whats the routine for holidays, sickness wheres the canteen whats the dress code where the toilets are. New employees also need to understand the organisations mission, goals and philosophy personnel practices, health and safety rules, and of course the job theyre required to do, with clear methods, timescales and expectations. Managers must ensure induction training is properly planned - an induction training plan must be issued to each new employee, so they and everyone else involved can see whats happening and that everything is included. You must prepare and provide a suitable induction plan for each new starter. Heres a free induction training checklist. These induction training principles are necessarily focused on the essential skills and knowledge for a new starter to settle in and to begin to do their job. However there is great advantage in beginning to address personal development needs, wishes, opportunities, particular strengths, abilities, talent, etc. during or very soon after the induction process. The sooner the better. An organisation needs to assess its peoples skills training needs - by a variety of methods - and then structure the way that the training and development is to be delivered, and managers and supervisors play a key role in helping this process. Peoples personal strengths and capabilities - and aims and desires and special talents (current and dormant) - also need to be assessed, so as to understand, and help the person understand, that the opportunities for their development and achievement in the organisation are not limited by the job role, or the skill-set that the organisation inevitably defines for the person. As early as possible, let people know that their job role does not define their potential as a person within or outside the organisation, and, subject to organisational policy, look to develop each person in a meaningful relevant way that they will enjoy and seek, as an individual, beyond the job role, and beyond work requirements. If possible top-up this sort of development through the provision of mentoring and facilitative coaching (drawing out - not putting in), which is very effective in producing excellent people. Mentoring and proper coaching should be used alongside formal structured training anyway, but this type of support can also greatly assist whole-person development, especially where the mentor or coach is seen as a role-model for the persons own particular aspirations. Its important that as a manager you understand yourself well before you coach, or train or mentor others: Are your own your own skills adequate Do you need help or training in any important areas necessary to train, coach, mentor others What is your own style How do you you communicate How do you approach tasks What are your motives These all affect the way you see and perform see the training, coaching or mentoring role, and the way that you see and relate to the person that your are coaching, or training, or mentoring. Your aim is to help the other person learn and develop - not to create another version of yourself. When you understand yourself, you understand how you will be perceived, how best to communicate, and how best to help others grow and learn and develop. And its vital you understand the other persons style and personality too - how they prefer to learn - do they like to read and absorb a lot of detail, do they prefer to be shown, to experience themselves by trial and error Knowing the other persons preferred learning style helps you deliver the training in the most relevant and helpful way. It helps you design activities and tasks that the other person will be more be more comfortable doing, which ensures a better result, quicker. Various models and tests are available to help understand learning styles - look at the Kolb model. Look at multiple intelligences and the VAK learning model and free learning style tests. See also the Johari Window model and adapted theory - its a useful explanation of the importance of open communications and strong mutual understanding among staff in organizations, and for all situations where people work together. Its also a useful model for personal awareness and self-development. prioritising training Given the vast range of skills and other competencies which can be developed in people it is useful for some sort of prioritising to take place so that training focuses on the areas which will yield best benefit, in other words, return on investment (typically in terms of organizational performance, although the needs of teams and individuals can also be very significant in prioritising training and development, depending on the situation.) In addition to the skill-sets and training needs analysis tools on this website, here are three other examples of methods for prioritising training: EssentialDesirable - simply and quickly define each activity (skill, competency, whatever) according to whether it is essential or desirable for the job purpose and organizational performance. Training priority is obviously given to developing essential competencies. ImportanceCompetency matrix - the highest training priorities are obviously the activities (skills, competencies, whatever) which are high importance (of task to organizational performance) and low competence (of trainee skill level). high importance and low competence high training priority high importance and high competence low training priority low importance and low competence low training priority low importance and high competence zero training priority DIF Analysis - DIF stands for Difficulty, Importance, Frequency. DIF Analysis is a sophisticated (and potentially very complex) method of assessing performance, prioritising training needs and planning training, based on three perspectives: Difficulty, Importance, and Frequency. The system looks at tasks and activities (or skills, competencies, whatever) rather than looking at development from a personal individual perspective. DIF Analysis can be used in different ways: for example as a flow diagram to consider each activity using a simple yesno for each of the three factors in sequence of Difficulty (yesno), Importance (yesno) and Frequency (yesno), which generates eight possible combinations. At a simple level, an activity that scores low on all three scales is obviously low priority whereas an activity that scores high on all three scales is a high priority. Weighting (significance of each factor relative to the job purposeaims) is required in order to optimise the usefulness and relevance of the system, especially if applied to a group or organization. Analysis can become extremely complex, so it is sensible to ensure that the level of analysis is appropriate for the situation before starting to build complex analysis systems. For such a potentially detailed system, DIF Analysis does not automatically take account of personal preferences and potential capabilities, and as such consideration to this aspect is wise where trainee commitment is influential upon development, which in most situations is the case. The Skill-set and TNA tools on this website could, given modest expertise in spreadsheets and logic, be adapted to manage DIF Analysis, although better dedicated DIF Analysis tools exist. If you have one to share please send it. Other methods exist for prioritising training. Choose or develop a method which is appropriate for your situation. Resist the tendency to become overly detailed. Analysis and detail should always be a means to an end (to achieve effective training and development), not an end in themselves. Ultimately the best way to prioritise training is can be simply to agree with the trainee what they are most keen to commit to. All the analysis and detail in the world will not guarantee trainee commitment, which is generally the most powerful force for effective training and development. Task-based analysis is important for organizational development measurement and planning, but approaching training prioritisation from purely a task perspective ignores the vital personal factor. developing people and capabilities Many organizations face the challenge of developing greater confidence, initiative, solutions-finding, and problem-solving capabilities among their people. Organisations need staff at all levels to be more self-sufficient, resourceful, creative and autonomous. This behaviour enables staff can operate at higher strategic level, which makes their organizations more productive and competitive. Peoples efforts produce bigger results. Its what all organizations strive to achieve. However, while conventional skills training gives people new techniques and methods, it wont develop their maturity, belief, or courage, which is so essential for the development of managerial and strategic capabilities. Again, focus on developing the person . not the skills. Try to see things from the persons (your peoples) point of view. Provide learning and experiences that theyd like for their own personal interest, development and fulfilment. Performance and capability are ultimately dependent on peoples attitude and emotional maturity. Help them to achieve what they want on a personal level, and this provides a platform for trust, emotional contracting with the organisation, and subsequent skillsprocessknowledge development relevant to managing higher responsibilities, roles and teams. Participative workshops work well in beginning this type of attitudinal development. Involve people right from the start. Focus on what they want. You could also use a personal development questionnaire to begin to set the scene and provide examples of alternative learning opportunities. It starts with the person, not the skills. Its about attitude and emotional maturity. The Emotional Intelligence principles and methodologies fit very well with modern approaches to developing peoples belief, maturity and attitude. When people develop confidence, integrity, emotionally, they automatically become more proactive, solutions-focused, responsive, etc. which across a whole team has a cumulative effect. Johari is a useful model too. So many people at work are simply going through the motions, acting in a conforming state, often because they feel insecure, lack confidence to do what they think is right, or are nervous about being bold, whereas boldness is absolutely required for self-sufficiency, initiative, greater responsibility in fact all of the behaviours that organizations strive to encourage. You cant teach boldness - people have to experience things which enable them to feel bolder, to take risks, and to want to take risks. This means the rewards must be there too, or people have no reason to stick their necks out. And not just the prospect of financial reward. More importantly the Herzberg - type motivators - real extra responsibility, recognition, and involvement in new successful and interesting projects. This is the fuel of peoples growth and change. designing self-study training and learning programmes The same basic principles apply to designing self-study programs as to any other sort of training design. The internet enables self-study learning and development programs to be more useful, empowering and cost-effective than ever before. The only limits are those you imagine. Be creative and innovative. Look on the web for ideas and self-study and self-development resources, methods, groups, and technologies. Ada banyak. This website is effectively a self-study program. Its not a particularly conventional one, nor an accredited or measurable one. Like any sort of learning it will appeal to some people but not others. As ever consider what you seek to achieve, before you design how to achieve it. Know yourself as a trainer (andor encourage this among your trainers), and help trainees and learners to know themselves. Then it is easier to decide how and what will help best. To help you structure and design and assess learning, read the training design and evaluation materials on this page and elsewhere on the website, for example the Kirpatrick evaluation and design model. the learning styles and multiple intelligence theories. and the Bloom learning domains taxonomy model. The group selection recruitment and assessment centre guide is also relevant. Assessment and development are tightly connected. To help you understand yourself read the materials relating to personality and motivation, such as Eriksons theory. the personality styles theories. and the ideas of Maslow. Herzberg. McGregor. etc. Designing a good self-study program should by its nature if possible involve the students. Involving people from the beginning increases ideas, relevance and commitment. mentoring linked to projects and objectives activities Linking mentoring with objectives and project tasks or activities is a highly productive and effective modern method of training and developing people in organizations, especially for staff in teams and departments, and for developing organizations themselves . The approach builds on management by objectives (MBOs) principles, but is more participative, voluntary and inclusive. By comparison, MBOs are a one-way street isolated and individually separate, prescribed along a single-channel towards a task focus. Well-facilitated activity focused mentoring is consensual, team-orientated, with a personal development and team building focus, across multiple organizational interfaces, particularly to and between managementsubordinatepeer levels. Activity focused mentoring methods also help develop systems (not IT and processes, but overall systems: ie. how an organization works), organizations, management and communications, in an open, dynamic, organic, three-dimensional way. The activity-mentoring approach uses several integrated techniques which produce more reliable and relevant training and learning outputs, in terms of individual skills, attitudinal development, and direct job and organizational performance improvement. The approach is facilitative rather than prescriptive . and broadly features: strategic assessment of organisational and department priorities and high-yield training needs interpreted discussion with line-managers of training delegates and strategic managers of the organisation pre-training skillsbehavioural needs-analysis - all training delegates - and pre-training preparatory work small groups - practical workshops - short sessions - highly participative and situationsolution-based - focused on practical job issues, individual personalitylearning style and organisational priorities individually agreed tasks and assignments - focused on practical priorities and individual needs (SMART and WIIFM factors ) follow-up coaching and mentoring one-to-one support - giving high accountability and reliable deliverables ongoing feedback and review with line-managers and strategic managers - coachingtask notes for line managers The process works on several different levels: individual, team, task, organisational and strategic. Activity focused mentoring also gives strong outputs in skills, behaviour and job priority areas, as well as being strongly motivational and where necessary resolving conflict and attitudinal issues. mentoring cost analysis and justification Mentoring can be provided in various ways and programmes take a variety of shapes. Mentoring can be external, where the mentoring is essentially provided by external people, or an internal activity, using mentors within the organisation. Due to the relative newness of mentoring as a formal organised process, and because mentoring programmes are so varied, statistics as to general costs and returns across industry are not easy to find. Here however are general cost indicators for a program essentially delivered by internally appointed mentors. The main elements of a mentoring programme that carry quantifiable cost would be: Training of mentor(s) - comfortably achievable for pound1,000head - its not rocket science, but selection of suitable mentor is absolutely critical - good natural mentors need little training other people who are not ready or able to help others can be beyond any amount of training. Mentor time away from normal activities - needs to be a minimum of an hour a month one-to-one or nothing can usefully be achieved, up to at most a couple of hours a week one-to-one, which would be intensive almost to the point of overloading the mentoree. That said, there may be occasions when the one-to-one would necessarily involve a whole day out for the mentor, for instance client or supplier visits. Say on average a day a month including the associated administration work, particularly where the mentoring is required to be formalised and recorded. Overseeing the program, evaluating and monitoring activity, progress and outputs - depends on the size of the program, ie. number of mentors an number of mentorees - if the mentoring is limited to just a single one-to-one relationship then its largely self-managing - if its a programme involving several mentors an mentorees then estimate an hour per quarter (3 mths) per one-to-one mentoring relationship - probably the responsibility of an HR or training manager. If this person with the overviewmonitoring responsibility needs external advice youd need to add on two or three days external training or consultancy costs. ( Mentoree time away from normal activities - effective mentoring should ideally integrate with the mentorees normal activities, and enhance productivity, effectiveness, etc. so this is arguably a credit not a debit.) mentoring principles and techniques Rather than simply give the answers, the mentors role should be to help the mentoree find the answers for himherself . While giving the answers is usually better than giving no help at all, helping the mentoree to find the answers for himherself provides far more effective mentoring, because the process enables so much more for the mentoree in terms of experience of learning . Give someone the answers and they learn only the answers instead mentors need to facilitate the experience of discovery and learning. The mentor should therefore focus mentoring effort and expectations (of the person being mentored especially, and the organisation) on helping and guiding the mentoree to find the answers and develop solutions of hisher own. Accordingly, many of the principles of mentoring are common to those of proper coaching, which are particularly prominent within life coaching. You should also refer to aspects of NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming). and Sharon Drew Morgens Facilitative Questioning methodology. Mentors need to be facilitators and coaches, not tutors or trainers. Mentorees need simply to open their minds to the guidance and facilitative methods of the mentor. The mentor should not normally (unless in the case of emergency) provide the answers for the mentoree instead a mentor should ask the right questions (facilitative, guiding, interpretive, non-judgemental) that guide the mentoree towards finding the answers for himherself. If a mentor tells a mentoree what to do, then the mentoree becomes like the mentor, which is not right nor sustainable, and does not help the mentoree to find hisher own true self. The mentors role is to help the mentoree to find hisher own true self to experience their own attempts, failures and successes, and by so doing, to develop hisher own natural strengths and potential. We can see parallels in the relationship between a parents and a child. If a parent imposes his or her ways, methods and thinking upon a child, the child becomes a clone of the parent, and in some cases then falsifies his or her own true self to please and replicate the model projected by the parent. The true self might never appear, or when it begins to, a crisis of confidence and purpose occurs as the person tries to find and liberate his or her true self. When we mentor people, or when we raise children, we should try to help them develop as individuals according to their natural selves . and their own wishes . not ours. tips on establishing a mentoring service or programme There are very many ways to design a mentoring programme, whether within an organization, or as a service or help that you provide personally to others. Here are some questions that you should ask yourself. The answers will move you closer to what you seek to achieve: What parameters and aims have you set for the mentoring activity What will your mentoring programme or service look and feel like What must it achieve and for whom What are your timescales How will the mentoring programme or activity be resourced and managed and measured What type of design and planning approach works best for you (It makes sense to use a design and planning approach that works for you.) What are your main skills and style and how might these influence the programme design What methods (phone, face-to-face, email, etc) of communication and feedback are available to you, and what communications methods do your customers need and prefer What outputs and effects do you want the programme to produce for you, and for the people being mentored How might you build these core aims, and the implied values and principles, into your programme design How can you best measure and agree that these outputs - especially the agreed expectations of the people being mentored - are being met. How can you best help people in matters for which you need to refer them elsewhere What skills, processes, tools, experience, knowledge, style do you think you will need that you do not currently have What do your customers indicate that they want in terms of content, method and style or mentoring - in other words what does your target market need. and what parts of those requirements are you naturally best able to meet Mentoring is potentially an infinite demand upon the mentor so you need to have a clear idea of the extent of your mentoring offering. Establishing clear visible parameters enables proper agreement of mutual expectations. general training tips These tips apply essentially to traditional work-related training - for the transfer of necessary job - or work-related skills or knowledge. These tips do not apply automatically to other forms of enabling personal development and facilitating learning, which by their nature involve much wider and various development methods and experiences. When planning training think about: your objectives - keep them in mind all the time how many people you are training the methods and format you will use when and how long the training lasts where it happens how you will measure its effectiveness how you will measure the trainees reaction to it When you you give skills training to someone use this simple five-step approach: prepare the trainee - take care to relax them as lots of people find learning new things stressful explain the jobtask, skill, project, etc - discuss the method and why explain standards and why explain necessary tools, equipment or systems provide a demonstration - step-by-step - the more complex, the more steps - people cannot absorb a whole complicated task all in one go - break it down - always show the correct way - accentuate the positive - seek feedback and check understanding have the trainee practice the job - we all learn best by actually doing it - (I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I un derstand - Confucius) monitor progress - give positive feedback - encourage, coach and adapt according to the pace of development Creating and using progress charts are helpful, and are essential for anything complex - if you cant measure it you cant manage it. Its essential to use other training tools too for planning, measuring, assessing, recording and following up on the persons training. Breaking skills down into easily digestible elements enables you to plan and manage the training activities much more effectively. Training people in stages, when you can build up each skill, and then an entire role, from a series of elements, keeps things controlled, relaxed and always achievable in the mind of the trainee. Establishing a relevant skill set is essential for assessing and prioritising training for any role. It is not sufficient simply to assess against a job description, as this does not reflect skills, only responsibilities, which are different. Establishing a behaviour set is also very useful, but is a more difficult area to assess and develop. More information and guidance about working with Skill-Sets and Behaviour Sets, and assessment and training planning see training evaluation. and performance appraisals. and other related linked articles on this site. Using Skill-Sets to measure individuals skills and competencies is the first stage in producing a training needs analysis for individuals, a group, and a whole organisation. You can see and download a free Skill-Set tool and Training Needs Analysis tool the free resources page. This will not however go beyond the basic work-related job skills and attributes development areas. These tools deal merely with basic work training, and not with more important whole person development, for which more sophisticated questioning, mentoring and learning facilitation methods need to be used. Psychometric tests (and even graphology - handwriting analysis) are also extremely useful for training and developing people, as well as recruitment, which is the more common use. Psychometric testing produces reliable assessments which are by their nature objective, rather than subjective, as tends to be with your own personal judgement. Your organisation may already use systems of one sort or another, so seek advice. See the section on psychometrics. Some of these systems and tools are extremely useful in facilitating whole-person learning and development. Some tips to make training (and learning, coaching, mentoring) more enjoyable and effective: keep instructions positive (do this rather than dont do this) avoid jargon - or if you cant then explain them and better still provide a written glossary you must tailor training to the individual, so you need to be prepared to adapt the pace according to the performance once training has begun encourage, and be kind and thoughtful - be accepting of mistakes, and treat them as an opportunity for you both to learn from them focus on accomplishment and progress - recognition is the fuel of development offer praise generously be enthusiastic - if you show you care you can expect your trainee to care too check progress regularly and give feedback invite questions and discussion be patient and keep a sense of humour Induction training tips: assess skill and knowledge level before you start teach the really easy stuff first break it down into small steps and pieces of information encourage pride cove r health and safety issues fully and carefully try to identify a mentor or helper for the trainee As a manager, supervisor, or an organisation, helping your people to develop is the greatest contribution you can make to their well-being. Do it to your utmost and you will be rewarded many times over through greater productivity, efficiency, environment and all-round job-satisfaction. Remember also to strive for your own personal self-development at all times - these days we have more opportunity and resource available than ever to increase our skills, knowledge and self-awareness. Make use of it all. recognise and acknowledge training and development achievements - letter examples As an employer or manager, take the time to recognise and thank employees for successfully (or unsuccessfully) completing training and development courses, projects or challenges. Receiving recognition is a powerful motivator and stimulant towards further training and personal development. And yet the opportunity to acknowledge peoples achievements is often overlooked. A simple letter of congratulations - especially in this age of disposable emails, or a mention in a company magazine or newsletter is often all that it takes to give people a huge boost. An email, or even a verbal well done or pat on the back is better than nothing at all, but a letter is a very powerful indeed. Think about it: A letter, sent to the home address, is special. Its on official letterheaded paper. Its personally signed. It took time and care to write, sign and send. Its something people tend to keep. It is likely to be opened so that the partner or family sees it too, which dramatically adds to the power of the recognition. So, an email is good, but not nearly so impactful as a letter. Heres are some short examples of simple sample letters of congratulations or encouragement for completing training and development aims, successfully, and also encouragement for unsuccessful effort, when some people need a boost more than ever. Letters of recognition and congratulations are appropriate from line managers, and higher up the organisation especially. An individual signed letter of congratulations from the MD or CEO is a hugely motivational event in most employees lives. Peoples valiant failures deserve recognition too, and often help the person to keep positive, and keep striving to succeed in the future. Remember that training and development is not restricted to training courses. Projects, delegated tasks, job-swaps, temporary postings and other responsibilities can all be forms of learning and development and are worthy of recognition when carried out well, or encouragement when a brave effort fall short. Adapt these examples to give encouragement to people when they are striving to improve and achieve. It can make the difference between them wanting to try again or not. sample letter of congratulations (name, home address, date) My warmest congratulations to you on your completion of your. training courseprogramme on (date). Your achievement (of. qualificationaccreditation) is richly deserved, and is a great example for others to follow. I encourage you to continue to strive towards further personal development. Best wishes, etc. sample letter of recognition of successful effort (name, home address, date) I am writing to give you my personal appreciation for a job well done when you recently. I recognise this was a tough challenge for you. The way you handled the demands and pressures is an inspiring example to others. You will I suspect go on from this to greater challenges and achievements in the future. Keep up your excellent efforts. Best wishes, etc sample letter of recognition of unsuccessful effort (name, home address, date) I realise that your recent failure to achievecomplete. qualificationcourse will have been a disappointment to you. However, I wanted to let you know that I was greatly impressed by your efforts and attitude in approaching your challenges, and I have every faith that you will succeed on your next attempt. The lessons we learn from our failures are often even more valuable than the experience we gain from our successes. Keep up your excellent efforts. Best wishes, etc leadership and management training and development - processes overview Heres an overview of some simple processes for training and developing management and leadership skills, and any other skills and abilities besides. Use your own tools and processes where they exist and are effective. Various tools are available on the free resources section to help with this process, or from the links below. Refer also to the coaching and development process diagram. Obtain commitment from trainees for development process. Commitment is essential for the development. If possible link this with appraisals and career development systems. Involve trainees in identifying leadership qualities and create skillbehaviour-set that you seek to develop. Training and development workshops are ideal for this activity. Assess, prioritise and agree trainee capabilities, gaps, needs against the skillbehaviour-set individually and as a group, so as to be able to plan group training and individual training according to needs and efficiency of provision. Use the skillbehaviour-set tool for this activity. Use the training needs analysis tool for assessing training needs priorities for a group or whole organization. Design andor source and agree with trainees the activities, exercises, learning, experiences to achieve required training and development in digestible achievable elements - ie break it down. Use the training planner to plan the development and training activities and programmes. Record training objectives and link to appraisals. Establish and agree measures, outputs, tasks, standards, milestones, etc. Use the SMART task model and tool. Training and development can be achieved through very many different methods - use as many as you need to and which suit the individuals and the group. Refer to the Kolb learning styles ideas - different people are suited to different forms of training and learning. Exercises that involve managing project teams towards agreed specific outcomes are ideal for developing management and leadership ability. Start with small projects, then increase project size, complexity and timescales as the trainees abilities grow. Here are examples of other types of training and development. Training need not be expensive, although some obviously is much of this training and development is free the only requirements are imagination, commitment and a solid process to manage and acknowledge the development. The list is not exhaustive the trainer and trainees will have lots more ideas: on the job coaching mentoring delegated tasks and projects reading assignments presentation assignments job deputisation or secondment external training courses and seminars distance learning evening classes hobbies - eg voluntary clubcommittee positions, sports, outdoor activities, and virtually anything outside work that provides a useful personal development challenge internal training courses attending internal briefings and presentations, eg lunch and learn format special responsibilities which require obtaining new skills or knowledge or exposure video internet and e-learning customer and supplier visits attachment to project or other teams job-swap accredited outside courses based on new qualifications, eg NVQs, MBAs, etc. management training with no guarantee of a management job Training people, especially graduates, young rising stars and new recruits, is commonly linked to the veiled promise of or allusion to management opportunity. But what happens when the organisation is unable to offer a management promotion at the end of the training programme This is a familiar pattern and challenge in many organisations. How can you encourage people into a management development programmes, with no assurance of a promotion into management at the end of it The problem lies in the mismatched expectations at the outset: the trainee hopes (which develops into an expectation) for promotion. The organisation cannot (quite rightly) guarantee that a management job will be offered. No wonder that it often ends in tears, and what should have been (and actually still is) a positive experience, namely the learning and experience achieved, turns into a crisis for HR to diffuse, because the trainee feels let down and disappointed. Heres a different way to approach management development: First, come back a few stages and consider the values, beliefs and real nature of the emotional, spiritual and personal development that these people (the management trainees) might need and respond to most. Then youll find it easier to define an honest set of expectations on each side (the graduates and the employer). If the training is positioned as a possible step towards a management promotion, people will become focused on the wrong expectations and aims, and when, as most of them will do, people fail to achieve a promotion they will feel they have failed, and the experience turns sour. Better to design the learning as a significant personal development experience in its own right, with absolutely no promise of a job or a promotion at the end of it. That way everyones (employer and employees) expectations match openly and honestly, and people are all focused on enjoying and benefiting from the learning as the central aim, rather than continually hoping that the management job happens, or in the case of the employer and program manager, preparing to defend and appease folks at the end when theres no job. Added to which, by defining and designing the programme as personal development, enrichment, experience, life-learning, etc (there are many highly appealing and worthy ways to specify and describe a programme like this) - and not being afraid of doing so - you will attract the right sort of people into it ie. the more emotionally mature and positive ones, who want to do it for the learning and experience, rather than purely for the chance of a promotion into management. The irony of course is that students who respond to a learning and personal enrichment opportunity per se, with no guarantees or allusions to management promotion, will be the best management candidates of all. tips for assessing organizational training effectiveness Look at and understand the broad organizational context and business environment: the type, size, scale, spread, geography, logistics, etc. of the business or organization. This includes where and when people work (which influences how and when training can be delivered). Look also at the skills requirements for the people in the business in general terms as would influence training significance and dependence - factors which suggest high dependence on training are things like: fast-changing business (IT, business services, healthcare, etc), significant customer service activities, new and growing businesses, strong health and safety implications (chemicals, hazardous areas, transport, utilities). Note that all businesses have a high dependence on training, but in certain businesses training need is higher than others - change (in the business or the market) is the key factor which drives training need. Assess and analyse how training and development is organized and the way that training is prioritised. Think about improvements to training organization and planning that would benefit the organisation. Review the business strategypositioningmissionplans (and HR strategy if any exists) as these statements will help you to establish the central business aims. Training should all be traceable back to these business aims, however often it isnt - instead its often arbitrary and isolated. Assess how the training relates to the business aims, and how the effectiveness of the training in moving the business towards these aims is measured. Often training isnt measured at all - it needs to be. Look at the details and overview of what training is planned for the people in the business. The training department or HR department should have this information. There should be a clear written training plan, including training aims, methods, relevance and outputs connected to the wider aims of the business. Look also at how training relates to and is influenced by appraisals and career development also recruitment, and general ongoing skillsbehavioural assessment. There should be process links between these activities, particularly recruitment and appraisals, and training planning. Detailed training needs should be driven substantially by staff appraisals. (It goes without saying that there should be consistent processes and application of staff appraisals, and that these should use suitable job performance measures that are current and relevant to the operations and aims of the business.) Look particularly at management training and development. The bigger the business, generally the bigger the dependence on management training and development. Look at new starter induction training - its critical and typically a common failing in situations where anything higher than a low percentage of new starters leave soon after joining. Look for the relationships between training, qualifications, job grades and payreward levels - these activities and structures must be linked, and the connections should be visible to and understood by all staff. Look especially at staff turnover ( per annum of total staff is the key indicator), exit interviews, customer satisfaction surveys, staff satisfaction surveys (if they exist) for other indicators as to staff development and motivational needs and thereby, training deficiencies. Look for any market research or competitor analysis data which will indicate business shortcomings and weaknesses, which will imply staff training needs, obviously in areas of the most important areas of competitive weakness in relation to the business positioning and strategy. Look to see if there is director training and development - many directors have never been trained for their roles, and often hide from and resist any effort to remedy these weaknesses. Base training recommendations and changes on improving training effectiveness in terms of: relevance to organizational aims methods of staff assessment training designsourcing training type, mix and suitability, given staff and business circumstances (consider all training options available - there are very many and some are relatively inexpensive, and provide other organizational benefits in-house, external training courses and seminars, workshops, coaching, mentoring, job-swap, secondment, distance-learning, day-release, accreditedqualification-linked, etc) remedies for identified organizational and business performance problem areas, eg. high staff turnover, general attrition or dissatisfaction levels, customer complaints, morale, supplier retention and relationships, wastage and shrinkage, legal and environmental compliance, recruitment difficulties, management and director succession, and other key performance indicators of the business (which should be stated in business planning documents) comparative costs of different types of training per head, per staff typelevel measurement of training effectiveness, and especially feedback from staff being trained: interview departmental heads and staff to see what they think of training - how its planned, delivered, measured, and how effective it is measuring and increasing training days or hours per person Measuring training hours per person as an average across the organization, typically per year, is often a useful training and development KPI (Key Performance Indicator) of the training function - more training acronyms here. If you cant measure it you cant manage it, the saying goes. The degree of difficulty in measuring training time per person depends on what you define as training: training time per person on training courses is relatively easy to measure, but on-the-job coaching, informal mentoring, personal reading and learning - these are less quantifiable - youd normally need to get this data from the employees via a survey or other special report. It is possible to manage training time per person aims and data via annual appraisals, when training past and future could be quantified - this could be a relatively simple add-on to whatever appraisal system you are using currently, and could relatively easily be cascaded via managers. Your previous years total training course time - i. e. person-days spent on training courses - divided by number of employees in the organization is an easy start point. This will give you the average training course time per employee, and if you have no other benchmarks is as good a start point as any. Then perhaps agree a sensible target uplift on this, assuming the training requirement is linked to organisational aims and personal development, rather than training for the sake of it just to increase the hours per person. You can make this calculation for a team, a job grade, a department or a whole organization. You could also survey the managers as to their estimate of how much on-the-job-coaching they provided per person as an average during a week. This gives another benchmark, albeit it an estimate, for which you can target an uplift and then monitor via managers reporting back every month or quarter. Remind managers to include, and if possible to categorise all the different sorts of training and coaching that takes place, as they will tend to forget or ignore certain types, for example job cover, training at meetings, taking on new tasks and responsibilities, delegated tasks, shadowing, etc. Training comes in various forms - if you are measuring it make sure you dont underestimate the level of activity. training planning factors These guidelines essentially deal with conventional work skills training and development. Remember that beyond this, issues of personal development and learning, for life, not just work, are the most significant areas of personal development to focus on. To plan traditional training of work skills and capabilities that links to organizational performance improvement you must first identify the organizational performance needs, gaps, and priorities. These are examples of typical training drivers which give rise to training needs. It is rare to use all of these aspects in determining training needs - select the ones which are most appropriate to your own situation, the drivers which will produce the most productive and cost-effective results, in terms of business performance and people-development: examples of training drivers Customer satisfaction surveys Business performance statistics and reports. Financial reports and ratios. Competitor analysis and comparison, eg SWOT analysis. Management feedback on employee needs, including from appraisals. Training audits, staff assessment centres. Staff feedback on training needs. Director-driven policy and strategic priorities. Legislative pressures. Relevant qualification and certification programmes. Use the results and indicators from the chosen driver(s) to produce prioritised training needs per staff type, which will logically enable staff and management to achieve improvements required required by the organization. There are several free training needs analysis and planning tools on the free resources section which might help you assess and analyse staff training needs, and then construct training plans. potential conflict between HRtraining function and business management Conflict can arise between HRTraining and other parts of the organization, commonly due to differing priorities among performance management functions within a business, and notably relating to training, development and welfare of staff. If so, you need to identify conflict and manage it. Conflict is often caused by the different aims of the departments, and you need to facilitate understanding and cooperation on both sides. This is especially important in order to achieve successful training needs assessment, training design, planning, delivery and optimal take-up and implementation. Aside this there are very much deeper implications for organizations seeking to be truly cohesive, joined-up, and aligned towards common set of corporate aims and values. If you see any of the following symptoms of conflict, consider the root cause and facilitate strategic discussion and agreement, rather than limit your activity to simply resolving or responding only to the symptom. management resisting release of staff for training due to day-to-day work demands short-term needs of performance management vs long-term outlook of HR HR have no line authority over trainees therefore cannot control training take-up Training is rarely well followed-through once delegates are back in jobs, despite HR efforts to achieve this via managers HR budgets are often cut if profits come under pressure Generally conflict would stem from the values and priorities of directors, managers and staff involved, and the aims and processes of the different HR functions. Here are some subject headings that serve as a checklist to see that the aims and priorities of HRTraining align optimally with those of other departments (the list is not exhaustive but should enable the main points of potential misalignment to be addressed): profit, costs, budgets well-being of staff ethics and morality in treatment of staff legal adherence business strategy training and development needs (skills, knowledge, EQ, etc) succession planning assessment and appraisals promotion recruitment age, gender, disability policies harassment counselling workforce planning management structure decision-making and approval processes outsourcing contracts of employment corporate mission and values acquisitions and divestments premises pay and remuneration plans and market positioning use of agencies advertising and image positioning statement and introduction to training courses and materials for groups of mixed abilities In many training and teaching situations it is not possible to identify and assemble groups of delegates whose needs, experience and ability levels closely match each other. Groups will therefore often comprise of trainees and learners who have different levels of experience, andor abilities, styles, expectations, needs, aims, etc. This places additional demands on the training providerfacilitators to ensure that the needs of all delegates are met, while not causing any frustration or boredom for delegates who already know or possess certain parts of the information and abilities (or think they do) that the teaching seeks to transfer. As such it is often helpful for trainers and delegates to acknowledge and accept this situation at the beginning of the course or training session, with the purpose of reducing potential frustrations and negative reactions and effects as far as possible. Here is a suggested introductory statement, which aims to achieve a commitment to understand the needs of others. You will notice that the statement is designed to appeal to the mature and responsible nature that exists in virtually all people. The challenge is to tap into this at the outset, in order to set a positive constructive atmosphere and standard of behaviour for the training. Adapt it to suit your own situation. This special training introduction is additional to any other introduction that youll be using to outline the training aims, domestic arrangements, fire-drill, etc. The statement or an adapted version can also be included within the introduction section of training course notes and manuals. Example training introduction for groups of mixed abilities and needs: Training Introduction - Please help to make this coursesession as positive and helpful for all delegates While every effort has been made to design this coursesession to appeal to the needs of all delegates, it is almost inevitable that each of you will have slightly (and in some cases significantly) different past experiences, levels of ability and knowledge, personal skills and styles, and needs and expectations. Therefore during this coursesession some of the learning might already be known or familiar to you. Please bear in mind that this will not be the case for all of your fellow delegates. We are all different. As such we would greatly appreciate your cooperation, tolerance and awareness as to the needs of others on this course. If you find yourself thinking that youve heard at all before please take a few moments to think: Have you really heard it all before, or are you overlaying your own experiences onto some new ideas This is not an unusual reaction among very capable people when confronting new ideas, so first its good to test your initial reaction - it would be a pity to miss out. If you are convinced that the training is covering an area that you know well please then consider how to make the best of this situation. If you know the area well, look for opportunities to make constructive suggestions and to provide helpful examples to the group. Trainers and facilitators have a tough job to do and will generally appreciate constructive help and participation from senior or experienced members of the group. If you find yourself completing exercises much quicker than your fellow delegates, look to help others, especially if the trainer or facilitator is working alone with a large group, and especially if other members are struggling. If you find yourself knowing the answers to lots of the questions that arise during the training, consider if less experienced delegates will benefit from working out the answers for themselves, with some prompting from you if helpful. Nobody ever learned much from answering an easy question, but we learn a lot from helping someone else who finds a question difficult. Delegates who help the group as well as learn new things for themselves, invariably get the most from training courses. Thank you in anticipation of your understanding and contribution towards making this a helpful session for everyone. Adapt this training course introduction to suit the situation. It is more relevant to mixed groups of delegates from different experience and skills backgrounds than to groups which have been selected according to closely matching needs and ability levels. This sort of statement can be included at the beginning of course notes, or given as a separate handout (as a sort of philosophical scene-setter), andor explained and discussed verbally with the group. In any event its good also to seek agreement from the group that the concept of making the most constructive use of time and everyones ability to contribute, is the right and proper approach. The message to training course delegates is effectively: that learning new things is an enjoyable rewarding part of life and personal development, and so too is helping others to do the same. resources for training and development - building your own resources - and helping others do so We all need to maintain and develop our value in the marketplace. Then we will always be in demand. Two generations ago, jobs were for life - now some careers last just five or ten years. The world is changing faster. Organisations, and everyone individually, must be able to assess their capabilities, and re-skill when necessary. Trainers, teachers, coaches, managers and leaders are central to these assessing and re-skilling processes. Whether you are a trainer, specialist, manager, leader, entrepreneur, whatever, building your own resources will enable you to maintain and grow your capabilities and value, and to help others do the same. Here are some questions and answers about building training and development resources. building training and development resources (I am grateful to Dawn Barclay of Potential Developments for raising the subject of building personal resources, prompting this additional section and the QampA format.) Q. What do we mean by resources in the context of learning and development A. Resources are - materials and tools of various types, which: describe define explain summarise teach andor enable the acquisition, improvement, or delivery of - skills knowledge methods techniques attitude andor behaviour and thereby, performance, results, fulfilment, well-being, and other good outcomes. Resources can therefore be all sorts of things. For example, a single tiny inspirational quotation is a resource. And a big organisational learning and development manual is a resource. More example of resources are: teambuilding games or exercises testing instruments for individuals and teams (psychometrics and other assessments) guides to a concepts or theories or models spreadsheets or other analytical tools case studies and best practice examples (good case studies are always in demand) samples and examples - of anything relevant to your field or specialism templates and forms surveys and especially survey results statistics and reports contracts and legal documents manuals and guides specifications and project briefs plans of all sorts diagrams, pictures, cartoons books, magazines, journals, newsletters and newspapers (especially newspaper cuttings) films, videos and clips pieces of music puzzles, tricks, and games quizzes and questions and answers websites or a webpages (favourites or links) CDs and DVDs physical props - real samples, or props as metaphors like a hammer or a lemon items of curiosity and collectibles - diversity and history are powerful perspecti ves for teaching and learning personal contacts, or a network of contacts - yes people are resources too. Daftarnya terus berlanjut. Anything which helps you andor others to learn or improve is a resource . The most powerful resources are those which enable significant relevant improvement quickly and easily - whether for yourself or for others, and especially for others. Q. Who canshould build resources - just trainers and teachers - or everyone A. Everyone can and should build their personal learning and development resources. If you are a trainer, teacher, coach, manager or leader, you will already be building resources of various sorts to help yourself and to help others. If your work does not obviously involve helping and developing others, it could do one day, and meanwhile you canshould build resources to develop your own capabilities and your market value. Q. Why build your personal resources A. Because we all need to learn and develop in order to maintain our personal relevance and value. As we grow we have increasing opportunities to help others, and whether you pursue these opportunities as an informal mentor, or in a formal people-development or leadership role, you will be more helpful and valued if you have good resources. Having good resources gives you a greater chance of providing answers, solutions, ideas, examples and tools. People who build personal resources tend to attract respect and followers. Resources are also tools which enable positive change. People who have resources and know how to use them become to central to any group or organised activity. Consider the many people who dont really bother to keep or collect or refine personal resources. To whom do these people turn when they need help. They turn to the ones with the resources. Q. What about raw and finished resources A. Note: Permissions and attributions are significant in the use of certain resources. The difference between raw and finished resources is important: A raw resource is anything you think will be useful but is not yet refined or focused for a particular purpose. A raw resource is not yet packaged or re-written or presented in a polished way. It might be an idea written in a notebook. A cutting from a newspaper or magazine is a simple example of a raw resource. A book, from which you might later extract data or excerpts or quotes, is also a simple example of a raw resource. An old photocopied diagram is a raw resource. And more up-to-date, so is a webpage from Wikipedia, or a slideshow full of useful facts, research, statistics and graphs. Often you will not know precisely what a particular resource will eventually be used for. You might only need a small part of it. Within reason, its easy to keep and store resources these days because many resources are already digitised, and most resources that are not digitised can be. Resources can be refined, focused, packaged or re-packaged, extracted, updated, re-oriented - whenever and however you need them. Given todays modern desktop editing and publishing technologies, even the rawest of resources can swiftly be converted into effective finished resources. This is even easier when you have a designer or creative agency at your disposal. Not all raw resources are converted into learning and development aids: Many raw resources find their way into reports, business plans, sales presentations, or into the systems of organisations and teams. Some raw resources find their way into best selling books. Other resources help to make the ethos and strategies of world-beating new corporations. The expression was: Knowledge is Power. The truth is now: Resources are Empowering Start building your resources now. Q. What formats and types of media are best A. Raw resources can be in any format and media. Convert them into a format useful for keeping and finding them if you can do so easily. Finished resources need to be in a format and media type appropriate and friendly for the audience or learners or users . The format and media of finished resources should also be appropriate for your delivery or operating strategy . If resources are refined and developed they can become an offering or business in their own right. Many information-based websites began in this way. The modern digital age provides wide-ranging possibilities for the production and offering of finished resources. Mobile technology especially offers amazing potential for the delivery of finished resources. Ultimately consider your audienceusers needs, and ensure your chosen media works well for your operating methods and strategy. Q. Where can you find resources A. Resources can be found everywhere. The web, especially websites offering reliable reference materials and tools. University websites are usually an excellent source of reliable resources. Libraries - although nowadays much under-used, libraries are fantastic places for resources. Bookshops and online booksellers, including used books, which can be remarkably inexpensive. Institutes and associations and societies. Every field or trade has its own governing or representative organisation. These tend to be centres of expertise and knowledge. Most have their own libraries too. Work tools that you use or create - spreadsheets and templates especially - can be very useful resources for the future. Many resources come free and very easy, for example, ironically, junk mail can be a useful source of good and bad examples of all sorts of business and communications. Training courses and classes of all sorts naturally contain many resources that can be re-used, adapted and re-cycled. Resources of a socialhistorical or amusing nature can be found easily and cheaply at Sunday car-boot markets or jumble sales, or when you next clear out an old attic or your childhood toybox. Use your imagination. Training and teaching becomes immensely more enjoyable when quirky (but still relevant) props and materials are introduced into proceedings. That last point illustrates the wide range of things which can be resources. Not all resources must be academic and business-like many can be entertaining, fun and quirky. Avoid habitually using only the web for resources. Only a fraction of the worlds knowledge and information is on the world wide web. Often the best and resources are found off the beaten track so to speak, especially if you seek resources in a particularly specialised field. Be creative, imaginative and original. Q. How can resources be developed A. Your personal resources - whether for yourself or for helping others - can be an extension of you and how you want to be, and what you seek to become. So try to develop your resources so that they say something about you. Selektif You obviously cant keep everything of potential use or youd not have time to do anything else. Devise a way of keeping resources which is manageable and searchable. Chucking everything into a big cardboard box is probably better than not collecting anything at all, but there are better ways of organising things in terms of space and finding what you need later. Devise a system that works for you. Develop your resources like you would build a team or organisation around you, to help you achieve your aims and goals in life. Develop resources that will help you to go where you want. Imagine to yourself: If I were doing my ideal future job what sort of personal resources would I need Build your resources to fit your aims. Give yourself time. A world-beating (aim high) set of resources in any field takes a while to build. In a few months you could be better resourced than anyone you know personally in your field. In a year or two you could be better resourced in your field than anyone else anywhere. This is achievable if you focus and truly put your mind to the task. You can, as the saying goes, stand on the shoulders of giants. Q. What about permissions and attributions A. Since copyright law is complex and cannot be covered in depth quickly and easily, here broadly are some simple guidelines for using resources in the context of learning and development: If you wish to use any resource created by someone else you must consider whether you should seek permission for your particular usage. Many resources, especially if extracted in part, are free to use for teaching and training and self-development, however if you publish or sell material (intellectual property - IP as commonly called) which belongs to somebody else, then this would normally require permission and perhaps licensing and payment. In general, the more you exploit somebody elses IP, then quite understandably the more likely that the somebody will require something in return. Showing some trainees a newspaper cutting to illustrate a point on a training course would be highly unlikely to attract any issues copyright or permission. On the other hand, using a 5,000 word training guide written by someone else, in your own training manual, without suitable permission from the writer, is not a good thing to do and could create a potential liability for you. If in doubt ask. And if you cannot ask then take some time to understand copyright law as it applies in your situation, (there are free guides to copyright law available on the web) and make your own judgement. The use of material without proper permission andor attribution undermines the credibility and integrity of the user, and can lead to more serious problems if an IP owner considers that their rights have been seriously breached. That said, permissions and attributions can generally be resolved if approached positively and sensibly. Whatever, there are countless resources which attract no liability at all, so if you find a great resource but it contains challenging IP implications, then find something else to use instead. Q. What about accuracy - checking and researching - and currency (being up-to-date) A. Accuracy and reliability are very important aspects of teachingtraining resources. Check your facts. Do not rely on the web alone for crucial data. The web can be wrong - and if the web is wrong on one page, it can be wrong on other pages too, given the tendency for web-based information to be copied. Books can be wrong too of course, but good reference books are generally far more reliable than the web. A useful approach to gathering information resources is to use the web for the bulk of the research, and then to check the crucial facts in a suitable reliable reference book. Certain resources are time-sensitive - that is to say, they become obsolete or unhelpful or worse, if not updated. Conversely, many other resources are timeless. It also depends on your usage. A 1995 guide to using the internet would be useless as a modern guide to using the internet, but as a resource to illustrate how the internet changes, it would be quite useful. The ease by which you can establish accuracy and maintain currency (up-to-dateness) should be a big factor in your consideration of what sort of resources to collect. The area in which you work has a bearing on these aspects: Certain areas - like law, finance, safety, for example - are strongly sensitive to whether resources are current. Other disciplines - like motivation and coaching - are far less sensitive to whether resources are current, but are arguably more sensitive to whether resources are entertaining and unique. Accuracy and reliability are important for all resources, unless the obsolete or inaccurate nature of the resource is the purpose of its use (for irony, example of how not to.., etc). Currency (up-to-dateness) of resources is crucial for certain materials and tools, but not so for others. Use your judgement. Be aware of the pitfalls, and avoid them by considering currency and accuracy when you gather and develop your resources. Q. What about building connections with experts A. As suggested above, people are resources too. Experts and good quality people of all sorts can help you build more and better resources. They can help you adapt and develop resources, and give vital feedback when you wish to expand your activities. Experts and good quality people can also help you with using and implementing your activities and plans. This item doesnt focus on the value of people networks and networking, because thats big different subject, nevertheless, the development of contacts is an important part of your own development, so try to do it. Successfully building and maintaining good connections with experts and good quality people must be based on your giving them what they need in return, whatever that might be (different people want and need different things - provided its legal and ethical). So ask experts and good contacts what they want from you and what you can do to help them. People who take only, and give nothing in return, never build and sustain good connections with anyone. Consider that high-achieving expert people are not generally interested in money or material gain. They are more interested in growth and self-actualization motivators. See the theories of Maslow. Herzberg. etc. Building and maintaining good quality relevant resources will help you become independent and self-sufficient - in work and life. This is because people who have great resources tend to be: Well-developed individuals - knowledgeable, skilled, up-to-date - with answers to other peoples questions. Capable of teaching, training, mentoring and leading others. Capable of enabling and assisting change in groups and organisations - using clever tools and materials. Able to convey to others the enjoyment and advantages of always seeking and finding answers and solutions. Resources help answer questions, which is one of the essential needs of life and work. Resources - of one sort or another - are generally required for improvement in anything - whether a small improvement or realisation for a single individual, or the development and launch of the mightiest corporation. If you build effective relevant resources, you naturally become more relevant and effective yourself. tips for starting your own new training business Here are some simple tips for starting your own new training business. Much more detailed business start-up help is available on other pages, listed below. These are just a few important tips especially for starting a new training businesses. When choosing the type of training to offer think carefully about it and avoid making assumptions or being drawn into too many areas. Starting your own training business is in some ways a simple transition from being employed as a trainer, coach, team leader, manager, etc. however a big difference is now that you have to find the work before you can do it. On this point, your previous employer can easily be a prime prospect for you. Even if you leave on less than perfect terms, a previous employer is a good opportunity for securing freelance training work, not least because when people leave an organization, there is usually a gap and a period of uncertainty regarding the leavers previous responsibilities. Lots of employers fail to ask leavers if they can fill in for a while on a contract basis. Meminta. In any event, especially if you were well-regarded know their systems, youll be a safe choice for them if they need some help, so keep in touch and (assuming you are not immediately stacked out with work from other customers) let your previous employer know you are happy to fill gaps in provision after youve gone. Expect to negotiate a (sometimes significantly) higher freelance day-rate compared with your previous employed wage. Organizations account for ad-hoc freelance training quite differently to employed staff costs. Many newly self-employed trainers offer themselves too cheaply. See the negotiation page. If in doubt, see what they offer before you suggest a rate - you could be very pleasantly surprised, particularly if they are in a bit of a panic and need a safe pair of hands quickly. Aside from your previous employer(s), finding new training contracts or selling training courses entails marketing and advertising - in competition with others operating in the same market place. This could be a new and significant consideration for you. Marketing and selling training is different to designing and delivering training, and involves different issues. You must now consider what you can market and sell successfully, as well as it being something that you can design and deliver successfully. This requires you to consider the market place, not just the quality of your training. So when you choose what training to offer and especially how to package, describe and deliver it, ask yourself questions based on the following points, so that you develop training types, services, offerings and delivery which: you can offer with very appealing uniqueness and passion ideally have good and increasing demand are not strongly served by competitors are relevant to industries you are comfortable with, and can be marketed in a very specific focused way, to decision-makers that you can reach cost-effectively. Whether a website and online marketing will feature strongly in your business approach or not, Google Trends, and Googles Adwords keywords tracker (to access it open an Adwords account), are two excellent tools for evaluating online search trends and relative volumes in training (and for anything that people look for), which greatly assists answering some of the questions above, especially understanding demands, trends and what people are looking for and how they describe it (all of which can be quite different to what you imagine). From a vital personal perspective, also look at the passion-to-profit processtemplate on this website because this helps consider how best to combine your greatest personal potential with a business proposition. You may choose not to use the process in detail, but consideration of its underlying meaning is fundamentally important towards building a sustainable thriving business in any area of productservice provision. Choose a business name carefully. Many people successfully use their own name along with a generic word or a few words related to training, because: this usually avoids any future problems with copyright (especially the potentially disastrous and easily made mistake of breaching someone elses rights or trademark) and it says that you are the boss and have the confidence and integrity to have your name as the business name. If you choose a clever or obscure business name, think very carefully about it because it will have risks (like this website name, which might have failed without the luxury of many years to become established), either or both in terms of copyright protectionbreach, andor misinterpretation or confusion. Although copyright and trademark law is complex, broadly descriptive business names are less easy to protect, and also less likely to breach someone elses trademark. Non-descriptive business names need to be checked against existing use, especially registered names, which means that when secured they tend to be easier to protect. The UK government intellectual property website is a useful information and reseach resource. Contrary to lots of advice youll see from financial and legal folk, becoming freelance (self-employed in other words) is very easy in terms of legal and regulatory set-up. I refer to the UK. In some other nations it will be a little more difficult, in others even easier. In the UK you do not need a limited company. You do not need a VAT number. You simply need to inform your tax office, which actually is a good source of advice about starting up. If you have plans of substantial scale then seek qualified legal and financial advice, but for many new training business start-ups a freelanceself-employed approach is perfectly adequate for the authorities and the market place, as well as being very quick and inexpensive for the freelancer. Public liability insurance is advisable because without the protection of a limited company you have unlimited personal liability for any damages arising against you. Many customers and venues insist on trainers having public liability insurance anyway. Its not necessarily very expensive, and is different to professional liability insurance of the sort that lawyers and doctors and high-powered consultants typically need, when potential liabilities run to poundmillions rather than a few poundthousands. That said, insurance is a personal matter for you to decide and resolve as you think reasonable. I merely offer general pointers. When starting a new business, especially from a marketingadvertising viewpoint, its usually more effective to focus on a small number of strong unique specialisms - or even just a single very powerful offering - than to offer a one-stop shop or wide catch-all range. A good specialist will usually beat a widely-spread generalist in any single area. Networking is a useful marketing method for new businesses - look at the processes for effective business networking. For starting a new training business see also the tips and methods for new business start-up and planning explained in other relevant sections of this website, notably:Training And Development In Infosys Management Essay Published: 23rd March, 2015 Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. Ini bukan contoh karya yang ditulis oleh penulis esai profesional kami. This essay aims to provide a critical review of Performance Management and Training and Development of HRM in a typical high-tech company: Infosys. Infosys is a Fortune 500 company which specializes in IT services. The company has clients all cross the world and provide expertise in various industry sectors. Infosys integrates its Performance Management and Training and Development to better facilitate its workforce and to help the firm achieve its strategic goals. 1.2 Aim of this essay This essay aims to provide a critical review of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys. It identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys, and provides proper recommendations for future improvement. 1.3 Structure of this essay Chapter 1 gives a brief background and the aim of the essay. Chapter 2 gives introduction of Infosys. Chapter 3 talks about Performance Management and how this part of HRM functions in Infosys. Chapter 4 deals with Training and Development and its function and role in Infosys. Chapter 5 provides a critical review of the Integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys. Chapter 6 offers some recommendations for future improvement of Infosys Training and Development as well as Performance Management. Chapter 7 is the conclusion of the whole essay. 2. Brief Introduction of Infosys Infosys was started in 1981 by seven people with US 250. Today, they are a global leader in consulting, technology and outsourcing with revenues of US 7.075 billion (LTM Q1 FY13). Many of the worlds most successful organizations rely on Infosys to deliver measurable business value. Infosys provides business consulting, technology, engineering and outsourcing services to help clients in over 30 countries build tomorrows enterprise. Infosys has a global footprint with 68 offices and 70 development centers in US, India, China, Australia, Japan, Middle East, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Poland, Canada and many other countries. Infosys and its subsidiaries have 151,151 employees as on June 30, 2012. Infosys helps companies derive the measurable business value that they have always been looking for from business and IT investments. The company delivesr measurable business value in 3 ways: Infosys can transform the fundamental shape of your business PampL. Regardless of which team our clients engage with the company has a best-practice process for delivering value. In Infosys it is called IMPACT - to ensure a clear line of sight from process change to bottom-line impact, ensuring that you receive the business value you were promised. Beyond transformation and innovation, it boils down to execution - delivering on time, on budget and quoton valuequot. Infosys can optimize clients core operations to drive best-in-class efficiency and help fund the transformation and innovation. Infosys can inject a level of product and service innovation into clients business to create new revenue opportunities through collaboration and co-creation. The foundation of its innovation capability is our core lab network - Infosys Labs - and the new thinking that our team of over 600 researchers brings to the table. The Vision and Mission of Infosys are: quotWe will be a globally respected corporation. quot quotStrategic Partnerships for Building Tomorrows Enterprise. quot 3. Performance Management and its Function in Infosys 3.1 Academic review of Performance Management Levit (2008) suggest that performance is a multi-layer structure, and depending on different measuring factors, the results may be different also. Thus, if we want to measure and manage performance, we must first define it and know exactly what performance management means. Usually performance management can be defined from three perspectives, and with different perspective, the contents, influencing factors and measuring methods that performance management includes differs. From the individual perspective, the definition of performance management has not come to a universal conclusion as various experts on HRM give their own definitions. At the current stage, there are two main views. One view believes that performance is equal to result while another view suggests that performance equals behavior. Bernadin (1995) suggest that performance should be defined as the outcome of work, because these outcomes of work are closely related to organizational goals, strategies, customer satisfaction and investment. Kane (1996) points out that performance is the things that an individual leaves, and such things relatively independently exist. Hence, it is not difficult to see that the view of performance is equal to result believes that the outcomes that performance gets are the records of how well one employees work is. The relative concepts about performance results include: Accountabilities, Key Result Areas, Results, Duties, Tasks and Activities, Objectives, Goals or Targets, Outputs, Critical Success Factors. Nowadays, however, an increasing number people have accepted the concept that performance equals behavior, and they have posted challenges against the view of performance is equal to result. Campbell (1990) suggests that performance is a set of behaviors that are related to the organization that a person works for or the goals that the organization has. His definition of performance in 1993 is that performance is the synonym of behavior, and it is peoples actual behaviors and it can be observed and measured. Performance management is the process through which managers ensure that employees activities and outputs are congruent with the organizations goals. It is used to establish measures of performance to allow clear targets to be set and is a continuous process that enables us to improve delivery of business. Performance management plays a key role in Human Resources Management because an organizations performance goals are designed according to the organizations development plan, strategy and organizational goals. Today there are various tools for how to manage performance such as Balance I believe that in practical performance management, the broader concept of performance should be employed - that is, the concept of performance should include both two aspects of behaviors and results. Such a perspective is well reflected in the definition of performance according to Brumbrach (1998): performance means results and behaviors. It tells us that when we conduct performance management, we should take into consideration of both input(behaviors) and output(results). Performance management should include the two aspects of what to do and how to do. 3.2 Performance Management in Infosys Infosys is a Fortune 500 company whose main service is in IT industry. Today it is the leading firm on the market providing various IT solutions to its clients. The business scope of Infosys ranges from Telecommunication, Banking, Financing, Retailing to Manufacturing. Like most international firms, Infosys has a matrix organizational structure. The companys base is in India, but it is not strictly the headquarter of the company. Its various braches across the world work together to reach the organizations strategic goals. The types of employees in Infosys are divided into two catalogues: regular employee and contractor. Thus, performance management in Infosys has two different management methods for regular employees and contractors. Infosys definition for Performance Management is that performance management is a constant, on-going process of communication. During this process, employees and managers reach a consensus on the following questions in forms of collaboration partners: Tasks that employees should complete How can the work that employees do make contribution to realizing the companys goals Use detailed content to describe how to do job well How can employees and managers work together in order to help employees to improve their performance how to measure performance The obstacles that hinder the development of performance and how to conquer them. Meanwhile, Infosys believes that performance management is: The core part of the companys overall human resources strategy One method to measure an individuals performance Emphasis is put on the process of improving employees integrated skills A tool to connect individual performance with the companys strategy and goals. There are three aspects in Infosys performance management: Performance Plan. In this part, managers and employees reach a consensus on following questions: What should employees do How should work be completed Why this work item should be done When should this work item be done Other relevant questions: working environment, capability, career prospects, training etc. During this process, managers and employees constantly communicate about above questions, and eventually sign on the records of their communication, and use it as the performance goals of the employees. These performance goals are the base of the whole performance management and performance measurement thus they play a pivotal role in performance management. The process of setting performance goals usually takes a quarter of the year. Performance goals usually include two parts: one is Business Goals the other is Behavior Standard. According to Pinson (2004), a business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their annual return in that timeframe. Infosys uses business goals as part of employees yearly performance goals, and they help enhance employees performance and help achieve organizational goals. 2. Constant Communication of Performance. Communication should be through the whole process of performance management. Only once or twice communication between employees and managers are far from enough, and it does not obey the principles of performance management. As Montana amp Charon (2008), a business can flourish when all objectives of the organization are achieved effectively. For efficiency in an organization, all the people of the organization must be able to convey their message properly. 3. Performance Appraisal Meeting. Infosys performance appraisal meeting is highly efficient, and it is normally held within an hour when all managers get together to discuss yearly performance evaluation. It mainly includes four aspects: 1) Employees self-evaluation 2) Reaching a consensus on employees performance, according to facts instead of impressions 3) Deciding performance levels 4) It is not only to evaluate employees it is also a good opportunity to solve problems. Cederblom (1982) suggests that a performance appraisal is typically conducted annually. The interview could function as quotproviding feedback to employees, counseling and developing employees, and conveying and discussing compensation, job status, or disciplinary decisionsquot. It is often included in performance management systems and performance management systems are employed to manage and align all of an organizations resources in order to achieve highest possible performance. 4. Training and Development and its Function in Infosys 4.1 Academic review of Training and Development Training and development (TampD) is an indispensable part in human resource management, with the purpose of enhancing the performance of individuals and groups in organizations. Training and development has a number of names, such as human resource development, and learning and development. As to its definition, there are several popular explanations. According to Rothwell amp Kazanas (2004), training and development, part of human resource development, is the process of changing an organization, its employees, its stakeholders, and groups of people within it, using planned and unplanned learning, in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage for the organization. The main body of training and development is adults, and the way adults learn and develop is different from the way students do. Adults training has more specific purposes, and is usually more practical, with the aim to solve practical questions. Hence, the organization or department that are responsible for developing training programs need to know about theories of adult learning. In the 1950s, Malcolm Knowles developed a new theory for adult learning, which is called quotAndragogyquot. Andragogy is in the context of adult learners which is contrasted with definition of childs learning (called pedagogical learning). Michael (2007) suggests that the central idea in the context of adult learning is that it is only after convincing oneself of the rationale of learning that an adult will decide to (and be able to) learn. Hence, adults cannot be treated like children if one hopes to see learning. Therefore it is assumed that workshops and seminars organized by the students themselves create a better learning environment than those organized externally. This has led to a flurry of recent teaching innovations like student-led tutor groups and supplemental instruction programs led by above average students. Another important theory about training and development is Learning Organization which was created by Peter Senge. Pedler amp Boydell (1997) defines that a learning organization is the term given to a company that facilitates the learning of its members and continuously transforms itself. There is no a single model of learning organization. Learning organization is about an attitude toward or ideology of employee and organization and is a new way of thinking about organization. In leaning organization, everyone needs to identify and solve problems, so that the organization is able to constantly try new things, enhancing and improving its capability. The basic value of learning organization is solving problems, whereas in contrast, the focus of traditional organization is efficiency. In any learning organization, employees need to take part in identifying problems, which means that employees need to understand customers requirement. Employees also need to solve problems, and this means they need to think about customers requirement in a unique way. Learning organization enhances organizations value by new ideas and information, instead of material production. 4.2 Training and Development in Infosys Training and development is mainly carried out in Infosys by its HR department. Currently the whole company has more than 20,000 employees, and training and development has always been a key function of all HR department in all branches. The company is willing to provide excellent training opportunities for its employees. Though the leading department of training and development in Infosys is its HR department, other departments also take part in and collaborate with HR department. Training and development is carried out by HR personals according to various requirements of different departments which are located in different geographic locations. There are training and development specialists who are responsible for certain training contents, such as technology, business knowledge, company policies, marketing etc. HR department plans yearly training and development schedule together with experts from other departments, and is responsible for carrying out these training schedules. Training courses in Infosys are presented by subject matter experts(SMEs) in the company or by experts from other organizations and universities. Training specialists need to record teachers performance during the training sessions. After training sessions, feedback from employees are collected and analyzed, in order to better the quality and efficiency of the companys training programs. The company creates its training policies which is part of the companys HR policies. And violation of training policies will be reported to the employees reporting manager. This ensures the quality of training and development in Infosys. Training and development plays an important function in Infosys daily operation and strategy development. The HR department divides training and development mainly into four levels. The first level is for senior management and candidate senior management the second level is for normal employees and normal managers the third level is for first-line sales personals the forth level is for new hires and fresh graduates. According to the needs and requirements of different levels, training sessions are designed by different teams. Garavan, Costine, and Heraty (1995) notes that training and development (TampD) encompasses three main activities: training, education, and development and that these ideas are often considered to be synonymous. In Infosys, training and development can also be view from these three parts: 1. Training: This activity is both focused on the job tasks that an employee currently handles. It is usually conducted through the form of classroom training, on-the-job training, and competition in Infosys. 2. Education: This activity focuses upon the jobs that an employee may potentially handle in the future. Infosys provides books and self-pace learning courses for such activity, and employees have more flexibility to study on their own paces and they can choose to learn during work time or at weekends. 3. Development: This activity focuses on the activities that the organization employing the individual. In Infosys, every new employee needs to attend the New Hire Orientation Development Program within the first three month after they are employed by the company. Such activity helps new employees know about the corporate culture, policies, dress code and so on and so forth. At the end of each year, Infosys holds several lectures to summarize the whole training and development programs in the passing year, identifying any problems and figuring out solutions to these problems. This helps HR department better plan next years training programs, thus helping the company achieve its short-term and long-term strategic goals. 5. Integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys 5.1 How Performance Management and Training and Development work together in Infosys In Infosys, Performance Management and Training and Development are closely linked. The company creates a computer-based system to manage performance and career development of staff. It is easy for managers to see at what level the employee is currently performing and what kind of training the employee needs to take. This system also helps with a staff training and development strategy to enable employees to help them progress to the top level possible in their current job. It can also provide guidance about the possibility of further training andor mentoring to assist them to develop their career within the organisation. Employees performance is evaluated according to several aspects, and among these aspects, employees training and development is taken into consideration and could affect employees final performance appraisal. Infosys require its regular employees to take at least five training sessions in one years, to make sure every employee is equipped with latest skills and knowledge so that they can better make contribution to the company and help the company achieve its strategy goals. Employees need to complete the Job Skills Workbook which includes the skills that employees must have to complete their job tasks. This workbook is used as the basis for the performance evaluation. Both employees and managers will have to agree on the type of skills that are included in the Job Skills Workbook and which training level the employee needs to take. Besides, a group of employees can work together to identify their individual and collective training and development goals. Then these goals will be discussed with training specialists and their managers, and HR department will try to arrange according training programs for these employees. This, without a doubt, strengthens the companys capability and improves productivity. In Infosys, several activities are undertaken each year in order to develop key skill elements identified. These could include new work experiences, responsibilities and challenges, mentoring, coaching or more formal training. Once identified, these elements will also be included in the performance evaluation of employees. So training and development help identify new skills and responsibilities of employees, and performance management functions as a monitor and evaluation mechanism for these new training and development needs. After training sessions, the manager or team leader needs to provide the employee with feedback about their current performance and their goals for the next agreed time period which is usually one year. Finally, at the end of the agreed time period the employee needs to once again talk with his or her manager or team leader and discuss how they have performed and whether there are any changes in their training and development schedule. 5.2 Strength and Weakness of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys Such integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys has several strengthens: 1. It creates a multi-level mechanism for performance management. By discussing with managers about what kind of skills and performance employees agree to achieve in advance, employees can know clearly what both them and their managers expect from them. Employees can attend various training programs to reach their goals and use what they have learned in their daily jobs, thus improving their productivity and job performance. 2. Employees have more choices about what they want to develop in Infosys and what their career paths are. The value of Infosys is to make every customer satisfied. It is only through excellent work that the company can win high trust from customers. When Performance Management and Training and Development work closely together in Infosys, each employee can have the choice to decide which career path they like to take, such as technical experts, people managers or delivery managers etc. With a clear target and purpose in mind, employees are more motivated to take training and development programs provided by the company and their learning results are later directly reflected in performance evaluation in performance management of the company. On the other hand, however, there are some weakness of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys: 1. It puts too much focus on job skills but ignores management skills. Infosys is a large international company and its services in IT industry are among the best. The company focuses too much on the skills of its first-line employees, and almost 80 of the training and development program are about job skills. The performance evaluation of employees also mainly evaluates what new skills employees have learned through such training programs and how they perform. But in the long run, management skills are also required by employees as some of them are potential managers in the future. 2. The training sessions in Infosys are only for regular employees, not for contractors. So the result is that contractors, that occupy more than 40 of all employees, cannot receive proper training in time. Because contractors are not allowed to participate in the training and development activities, when they discuss with their managers about their performance evaluation, there is no section for training and development. This hinders contractors from developing their skills and could probably hinder the companys strategy development in the long run. 6. Recommendations Based on the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys, these recommendations could be taken into consideration when the management makes future decisions. 1. Management skills should also be included in Infosys training and development activities, and more first-line employee should have access to it. These employees would become managers in the future, and providing proper training programs on management skills would enhance their productivity and make their work more efficient and effective. 2. Training and development should cover contractors. In Infosys, there are two types of employees: regular employees and contractors. Currently most training and development programs are for regular employees only. By providing contractors the same training and development opportunities, the overall workforce of Infosys can be strengthen, and the companys productivity on the whole can be enhanced. This essay reviews both the Performance Management and Training and Development in the company of Infosys. It first provides academic review of the concepts and theories of Performance Management and Training and Development in HRM, then links the concepts and theories with the actual case of Infosys. It provides a critical review of how Performance Management and Training and Development work together in Infosys and analyzes the strengthens and weaknesses of these two HRM functions integrating in Infosys and provides relative recommendations. Essay Writing Service Sepenuhnya direferensikan, disampaikan tepat waktu, Essay Writing Service.
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